Question 1

The working of the procedural self is usually hard to describe because it is

Accepted Answer

The answer of The working of the procedural self is...

Question 2

According to the relational self-schema, which of the following would best predict how you will behave around your parents as an adult?

Accepted Answer

The relational self-schema suggests that our interactions in specific types of relationships, such as those with our parents, are influenced by past interactions in similar contexts. Therefore, how one behaved around their parents as a child is a strong predictor of how they will behave around them as an adult, as these early interactions help form the schema for this particular relationship.

Question 3

Match the declarative and procedural selves with the definition associated with that term.
-Self-esteem

Accepted Answer

Self-esteem is defined as your overall opinion about whether you are good or bad.

Question 4

According to the text, what is the best way to change procedural knowledge that dictates a pattern of fear and avoidance in social situations?

Accepted Answer

Acquiring more positive social experiences can help in changing the procedural knowledge that dictates a pattern of fear and avoidance by creating new, positive associations with social situations, thereby outweighing the negative experiences.

Question 5

Research using the Implicit Association Test (IAT) has found that people's awareness of their own shyness is ________ conscious.

Accepted Answer

Research using the Implicit Association Test (IAT) has shown that people's awareness of their own shyness is partially conscious, indicating that individuals may not be fully aware of their own levels of shyness.

Question 6

What is actually measured by the Implicit Association Test (IAT)?

Accepted Answer

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures reaction times to assess automatic associations between concepts in a person's mind, such as linking social categories (e.g., race, gender) with evaluations (e.g., good, bad).

Question 7

According to the discussion of self-discrepancy theory, the root of depression is ________, whereas the root of anxiety is ________.

Accepted Answer

Self-discrepancy theory suggests that depression stems from disappointment, particularly when there's a gap between one's actual self and ideal self. Anxiety, on the other hand, is rooted in fear, which arises from discrepancies between the actual self and the ought self (how one believes they should be).

Question 8

What term refers to self-schemas based on our past experiences that direct how we relate to the important people in our lives?

Accepted Answer

Relational self-schema refers to the cognitive structures derived from past experiences that influence how individuals interact with the significant people in their lives. These schemas guide expectations, interpretations, and interactions in relational contexts.

Question 9

Albert Bandura criticized theories involving multiple selves on what grounds?

Accepted Answer

Bandura criticized theories involving multiple selves on the grounds that once you start fractionating the self, there is no clear place to stop, suggesting a potentially endless division of the self into smaller components without a clear rationale for stopping the division.

Question 10

According to the text, which of the following is an outcome of having greater alignment between your current self and your future self?

Accepted Answer

An increase in self-control is an outcome of having greater alignment between your current self and your future self because it helps in making decisions that are beneficial in the long term, considering the future implications of current actions.

Question 11

What is a key difference between the ideal self and the ought self?

Accepted Answer

The ideal self refers to one's aspirations and wishes, representing what one desires to be or achieve. In contrast, the ought self is based on duties, obligations, and responsibilities, reflecting what one believes they should be or do, often influenced by societal and personal expectations.

Question 12

What is a common criticism of the working self-concept?

Accepted Answer

A common criticism of the working self-concept is that a coherent sense of self is generally viewed as a hallmark of mental health, suggesting that constant fluctuation in identity may not be ideal.

Question 13

Katie is anxious. There is likely a discrepancy between her ________ self and her ________ self.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Katie is anxious. There is likely a...

Question 14

According to the textbook, the ought self resembles Jeffrey Gray's ________ system, whereas the ideal self resembles Gray's ________ system.

Accepted Answer

The ought self is associated with duties, obligations, and responsibilities, resembling Gray's Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) or "Stop" system, which is sensitive to punishment and non-reward. The ideal self is linked to hopes, aspirations, and accomplishments, aligning with Gray's Behavioral Activation System (BAS) or "Go" system, which is sensitive to reward and non-punishment.

Question 15

Results of Implicit Association Test (IAT) studies indicate that our attitudes and feelings

Accepted Answer

Implicit Association Test (IAT) studies suggest that implicit attitudes can influence behavior unconsciously, meaning individuals may not be aware of the reasons behind their actions.

Question 16

According to the text, one study found the ________ measures of neuroticism and extraversion predicted behavior better than ________ measures of these traits.

Accepted Answer

Implicit measures involve indirect assessments that can reveal underlying attitudes or traits without requiring self-report, which can be influenced by social desirability or self-awareness biases. The text suggests that these implicit measures were found to be less predictive of behavior compared to when individuals directly report their levels of neuroticism and extraversion.

Question 17

According to the examples given in the text, the Implicit Association Test (IAT) has been used to study all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is typically used to study implicit biases and attitudes, such as personality traits, self-esteem, and shyness, but not life goals.

Question 18

According to research described in the text, how is narcissism related to implicit and explicit attitudes?

Accepted Answer

Narcissism is often associated with a discrepancy where individuals have high explicit self-esteem but low implicit self-esteem, leading to a fragile self-view.

Question 19

Dr. Morse is a psychologist whose current patient wants to become less introverted and more confident. According to what we know about procedural knowledge, what is the first thing Dr. Morse should do to help his patient?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dr. Morse is a psychologist whose current...

Question 20

The best way to change procedural knowledge of the self is by

Accepted Answer

Practicing and receiving feedback are key methods for altering procedural knowledge, which involves knowing how to do things. This approach allows for the refinement and improvement of skills through repetition and correction.

Quiz 15: The Self: What You Know About You