Question 1

Strokes are remarkably common,especially in individuals over the age of 65 years.In the UK,an estimated ______ people a year suffer a stroke:

Accepted Answer

In the UK, an estimated 130,000 people a year suffer a stroke, highlighting the significant impact of this condition on the population, especially among older individuals.

Question 2

Haemorrhaging in the brain is often the result of hypertension or high blood pressure,and is often due to:

Accepted Answer

An aneurysm, which is a weakened area in the wall of a blood vessel that can lead to a rupture, is a common cause of hemorrhaging in the brain, often exacerbated by hypertension or high blood pressure.

Question 3

When a blood vessel in the brain ruptures and affects local brain tissue,this is known as:

Accepted Answer

Haemorrhage is the correct answer because it is the rupture of a blood vessel in the brain.

Question 4

Fewer than ______ of HIV-infected individuals would normally meet the criteria for major neurocognitive disorder.

Accepted Answer

Fewer than 5% of HIV-infected individuals would normally meet the criteria for major neurocognitive disorder. This statistic highlights the relatively low prevalence of major neurocognitive disorders among those infected with HIV, despite the virus's potential impact on neurological function.

Question 5

Which of the following accounts for the majority of traumatic brain injuries?

Accepted Answer

Road traffic accidents are the leading cause of traumatic brain injuries globally, contributing significantly to the morbidity and mortality associated with these injuries.

Question 6

Strokes are remarkably common.In the UK what is the number of people under 30 years of age who suffer strokes per year?

Accepted Answer

Strokes, although more common in older adults, can and do occur at any age, including in young people. In the UK, around 1,000 people under the age of 30 suffer a stroke each year. This statistic highlights the importance of awareness and understanding of stroke risk factors and symptoms across all age groups.

Question 7

A less disabling form of HIV dementia is known as minor cognitive motor disorder (MCMD),and consists of memory loss and reduction of cognitive and computational functions,and this appears to affect around ______ of those with HIV.

Accepted Answer

Minor cognitive motor disorder (MCMD) affects around 30% of those with HIV, representing a less severe form of cognitive impairment compared to more advanced stages of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.

Question 8

When a blood clot forms in an artery supplying blood to the brain,this is known as:

Accepted Answer

Cerebral thrombosis refers to the formation of a blood clot within the blood vessels of the brain, which can obstruct blood flow.

Question 9

Damage to brain tissue can also occur as a result of a cardiovascular accident (CVA).This is also known as:

Accepted Answer

A cardiovascular accident (CVA), more commonly known as a stroke, occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients. Brain cells begin to die in minutes. This is why a CVA is also referred to as a stroke.

Question 10

On many occasions,the neurological impairments caused by HIV infection are usually minor,but over the many years that a sufferer may be hosting the virus,it may induce multiple symptoms of motor and cognitive dysfunction and create a syndrome of impairment that is known as:

Accepted Answer

HIV dementia, also known as HIV-associated dementia (HAD) or AIDS dementia complex (ADC), is a condition that can occur in advanced stages of HIV infection, leading to cognitive, motor, and behavioral symptoms.

Question 11

Spongiform encephalopathy is a fatal infectious disease known as that attacks the brain and central nervous system.Outbreaks of the disease hit epidemic proportions amongst cattle in the UK during the 1980s,and evidence suggests that the disease was transmitted to humans through contaminated beef.In humans,this became known as:

Accepted Answer

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) is the human form of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), which was transmitted to humans through the consumption of contaminated beef.

Question 12

Among the viruses that can infect the brain is the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).The HIV virus tends to enter the central nervous system early in the illness,and neurological difficulties can develop in up to what percentage of those infected with the virus?

Accepted Answer

HIV-1 can enter the central nervous system early in the illness, and neurological difficulties can develop in up to 60% of those infected with the virus.

Question 13

Between 2000 and 2010 in the UK the incidence of traumatic brain injuries requiring consultant attention increased by around ______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Between 2000 and 2010 in the UK...

Question 14

Early signs of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)include changes in mood,temperament and behaviour followed by impairments in memory and concentration,and confused thinking.The infectious agent in vCJD is thought to be the:

Accepted Answer

Prions are the infectious agents thought to cause variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), which is a rare and fatal condition that affects the brain. Prions are misfolded proteins that can induce other proteins to misfold, leading to brain damage.

Question 15

"Mad cow disease" is a fatal infectious disease known as:

Accepted Answer

"Mad cow disease" is correctly known as Spongiform encephalopathy, specifically Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle. This disease affects the brain and nervous system, leading to death.

Question 16

Severe head injury can be associated with a range of semi-permanent cognitive and neurological deficits,including general deficits in:

Accepted Answer

Severe head injuries can lead to a wide range of cognitive and neurological deficits, including problems with language processing, memory, and attention, making all of the options correct.

Question 17

The most common causes of infarction are an embolism or a thrombosis.

Accepted Answer

A cerebral embolism refers to a blood clot (or other embolic material) that forms elsewhere in the body and then travels through the bloodstream to the brain, where it lodges and obstructs blood flow.

Question 18

Major clinical symptoms of HIV dementia include:

Accepted Answer

All of the options listed are major clinical symptoms of HIV dementia. HIV dementia, also known as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), can affect cognitive functions, leading to symptoms such as impaired short-term memory, lack of concentration, and motor symptoms like leg weakness.

Question 19

Dramatic emotional sequelae often result from brain injury,including:

Accepted Answer

Brain injuries can lead to a range of emotional and behavioral changes, including depression, fatigue, and aggressive behavior, making "All of the above" the correct choice.

Question 20

When the blood flow to the brain is impeded in some way,resulting in damage to the brain tissue fed by that blood flow,this is known as:

Accepted Answer

An infarction occurs when the blood flow to an area of the brain is obstructed, leading to tissue damage or death in that area. This is commonly referred to as a stroke in the brain.

Quiz 15: Neurocognitive Disorders