Question 1

The CS and US in the Little Albert experiment were a __________, respectively.
A) rat and loud sound
B) rabbit and loud sound
C) rabbit and slap
D) rat and shock

Accepted Answer

The CS (conditioned stimulus) in the Little Albert experiment was a rat, while the US (unconditioned stimulus) was a loud sound.

Question 2

The use of classical conditioning to change feelings (such as likes and dislikes) is sometimes called ___________.
A) pavrotics
B) emotoconversion
C) evaluative conditioning
D) neo-conditioning

Accepted Answer

Evaluative conditioning is a process of using classical conditioning to change an individual's evaluative responses towards a particular stimulus. It involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a positive or negative stimulus to produce a conditioned response. This is done to change a person's liking or disliking towards the neutral stimulus. Pavrotics and neo-conditioning are not recognized terms in psychology. Emotoconversion does not accurately describe the process of classical conditioning.

Question 3

Blue jays usually do not eat Monarch butterflies. This is an example of a(n) __________.
A) conditioned taste aversion
B) fixed action pattern
C) unconditional response
D) conditioned emotional response

Accepted Answer

Conditioned taste aversion is a learned aversion to a particular food due to its association with an unpleasant or nauseating feeling. In this case, blue jays have learned not to eat Monarch butterflies due to their toxicity, so it is not a natural behavior but a conditioned one. Fixed action patterns are stereotyped behaviors that are triggered by a specific stimulus and lead to a specific response. Unconditional responses are automatic responses to a specific stimulus, such as a reflex. Conditioned emotional responses are learned associations between a particular stimulus and an emotional response. None of these options fit the scenario given.

Question 4

In treating Peter's fear of rabbits, Jones used a procedure called__________.
A) systemic fear reduction
B) pseudoconditioning
C) counterconditioning
D) restitution therapy

Accepted Answer

Counterconditioning is a type of therapy used to replace an unwanted response (in this case, fear of rabbits) with a more desired response. It involves pairing the feared stimulus with a positive experience, such as giving Peter a treat while being in the presence of rabbits, to help reduce or eliminate the fear. Systemic fear reduction and restitution therapy are not well-defined procedures, and pseudoconditioning is not an established therapy technique.

Question 5

Barbara Rothbaum and colleagues used virtual reality exposure therapy to treat a fear of __________.
A) snakes
B) dogs
C) spiders
D) flying

Accepted Answer

Barbara Rothbaum and colleagues used virtual reality exposure therapy to treat a fear of flying.

Question 6

The research that is most helpful in understanding racial prejudice is probably that of __________.
A) Watson and Rayner
B) Garcia
C) Pavlov
D) Staats and Staats

Accepted Answer

Staats and Staats have conducted extensive research on the origins and perpetuation of racial prejudice, including the role of socialization, stereotypes, and intergroup conflict. Their work is particularly relevant for understanding the social and psychological factors that contribute to prejudice and discrimination.

Question 7

Garcia's first experiment on taste aversion was unusual in that the ________.
A) subjects were pigeons
B) interval between CS and US was several minutes
C) US was very weak
D) CS was very intense

Accepted Answer

Garcia's first experiment on taste aversion was notable because the interval between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) was several minutes, which is unusually long compared to the short intervals typically used in classical conditioning experiments.

Question 8

People are most likely to tolerate painful and humiliating events if these events consistently __________.
A) precede positive events
B) occur simultaneously with positive events
C) follow positive events
D) occur by themselves over a long period

Accepted Answer

People are more likely to tolerate painful and humiliating events if they believe these events will lead to a positive outcome or precede positive events. This is because the anticipation of a positive event can provide motivation and a sense of purpose, making the negative experience seem worthwhile or more bearable.

Question 9

In ______ therapy, a stimulus that elicits an inappropriate response is paired with a negative stimulus such as shock or an emetic drug.
A) counter-
B) adversive
C) aversion
D) shock

Accepted Answer

Aversion therapy involves pairing a stimulus that elicits an inappropriate response with a negative stimulus, such as a shock or an emetic drug, to create a conditioned aversion to the inappropriate stimulus.

Question 10

Garcia's interest in the role of learning in taste aversions may have begun when he became sick after eating ____________.
A) chocolate
B) licorice
C) strawberries
D) a hot dog

Accepted Answer

The answer of Garcia's interest in the role of learning...

Question 11

One VRET program for treating spider phobias is called ______.
A) SpiderWorld
B) Arachnophilia
C) Spider Killer
D) Spidex

Accepted Answer

SpiderWorld is the most appropriate choice as it sounds like a program that could immerse the person in a virtual environment full of spiders, which is the technique used in VRET therapy for spider phobias. The other options (Arachnophilia, Spider Killer, Spidex) do not have a clear connection to VRET therapy for phobias.

Question 12

The most recent variation of counterconditioning involves__________.
A) programmed texts
B) psychoactive drugs
C) virtual reality
D) sleep conditioning

Accepted Answer

The most recent variation of counterconditioning involves virtual reality, which has been used to treat a range of phobias and anxieties. Virtual reality allows individuals to confront and gradually become desensitized to their fear-inducing stimuli in a controlled and safe environment. The other options (programmed texts, psychoactive drugs, sleep conditioning) are not currently the most recent variations of counterconditioning.

Question 13

The first person to use counterconditioning to treat a phobia was probably__________.
A) Rosalie Rayner
B) Carl Rogers
C) Mary Cover Jones
D) John B. Watson

Accepted Answer

Mary Cover Jones used counterconditioning in 1924 to treat a boy's phobia of rabbits in what is considered to be the first application of this technique to behavior therapy.

Question 14

A follow-up of exhibitionists treated by Barry Maletzky with a variation of aversion therapy showed that those who had undergone treatment involuntarily ____________.
A) improved as much as voluntary patients
B) improved, but not as much as voluntary patients
C) improved during treatment, but soon reverted to their old ways
D) did not improve

Accepted Answer

Barry Maletzky's study found that exhibitionists who were treated involuntarily improved as much as those who sought treatment voluntarily, indicating the effectiveness of the aversion therapy regardless of the patient's initial willingness.

Question 15

Barry Maletzky treated exhibitionists by having them imagine that they were about to perform the inappropriate behavior, and then _______.
A) sounding a loud horn
B) showing them a photograph of a bloody scene
C) giving them a mild electric shock
D) exposing them to an unpleasant odor

Accepted Answer

The answer of Barry Maletzky treated exhibitionists by having them...

Question 16

Pavlov found that when he paired painful stimuli with food, the dog came to show no distress at the painful stimuli. This experiment may help explain __________ behavior in humans.
A) aggressive
B) exhibitionistic
C) sadistic
D) masochistic

Accepted Answer

Pavlov's experiment demonstrates classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus (the painful stimuli) becomes associated with a reflexive response (the dog's salivation to food). This has led some psychologists to suggest that similar processes may occur in the development of some instances of masochistic behavior in humans, where painful stimuli become associated with pleasure.

Question 17

The studies of Carolyn and Arthur Staats demonstrating that neutral words paired with pleasant words become pleasant are examples of__________.
A) first-order conditioning
B) tertiary conditioning
C) higher-order conditioning
D) oral conditioning

Accepted Answer

Carolyn and Arthur Staats' study is an example of higher-order conditioning, which occurs when a conditioned stimulus (neutral word) is paired with another conditioned stimulus (pleasant word) to create a new conditioned response. First-order conditioning involves pairing an unconditioned stimulus (such as food) with a neutral stimulus (such as a bell) to create a new conditioned response. Tertiary conditioning is not a widely recognized term in classical conditioning. Oral conditioning is not a recognized term in the field of psychology.

Question 18

The term used to refer to sexual behavior disapproved of by society is ___________.
A) teraforms
B) hedomanias
C) paraphilias
D) dysentias

Accepted Answer

Paraphilias refers to sexual behaviors that are socially disapproved of, deviant or unusual, such as fetishes or sadomasochism. Teraforms, hedomanias, and dysentias are not terms used to refer to sexual behaviors.

Question 19

The CS in the Little Albert experiment was a __________.
A) rabbit
B) rat
C) teddy bear
D) mouse

Accepted Answer

The CS in the Little Albert experiment was a white rat.

Question 20

The CS and US in the Garcia et al. experiment were__________.
A) flavored water and radiation
B) a bell and food
C) food and bell
D) a light and loud buzzer

Accepted Answer

The Garcia et al. experiment involved pairing flavored water (CS) with radiation (US) in order to create an aversion response in rats to the taste of the water. This demonstrates the concept of classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus (flavored water) becomes associated with a naturally occurring event (radiation) and elicits a conditioned response (aversion to the flavor).

Quiz 4: Pavlovian Applications

The CS and US in the Little Albert experiment were a __________, respectively.

The use of classical conditioning to change feelings (such as likes and dislikes) is sometimes called ___________.

Blue jays usually do not eat Monarch butterflies. This is an example of a(n) __________.

In treating Peter's fear of rabbits, Jones used a procedure called__________.

Barbara Rothbaum and colleagues used virtual reality exposure therapy to treat a fear of __________.

The research that is most helpful in understanding racial prejudice is probably that of __________.

Garcia's first experiment on taste aversion was unusual in that the ________.

People are most likely to tolerate painful and humiliating events if these events consistently __________.

In ______ therapy, a stimulus that elicits an inappropriate response is paired with a negative stimulus such as shock or an emetic drug.

Garcia's interest in the role of learning in taste aversions may have begun when he became sick after eating ____________.

One VRET program for treating spider phobias is called ______.

The most recent variation of counterconditioning involves__________.

The first person to use counterconditioning to treat a phobia was probably__________.

A follow-up of exhibitionists treated by Barry Maletzky with a variation of aversion therapy showed that those who had undergone treatment involuntarily ____________.

Barry Maletzky treated exhibitionists by having them imagine that they were about to perform the inappropriate behavior, and then _______.

Pavlov found that when he paired painful stimuli with food, the dog came to show no distress at the painful stimuli. This experiment may help explain __________ behavior in humans.

The studies of Carolyn and Arthur Staats demonstrating that neutral words paired with pleasant words become pleasant are examples of__________.

The term used to refer to sexual behavior disapproved of by society is ___________.

The CS in the Little Albert experiment was a __________.

The CS and US in the Garcia et al. experiment were__________.