Question 1

All atoms of a given element have the same

Accepted Answer

Atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom and it determines the identity of the element. All atoms of a given element have the same number of protons, hence they have the same atomic number. The other options (A, C, D, E) are not true for all atoms of a given element since isotopes of the same element can have different atomic masses, number of nucleons, number of neutrons, and mass numbers.

Question 2

The half- life for beta decay of strontium- 90 is 28.8 years. A milk sample is found to contain 10.3 ppm strontium- 90. How many years would pass before the strontium- 90 concentration would drop to 1.0 ppm?

Accepted Answer

We can use the formula for radioactive decay:
N = N0 * (1/2)^(t/T)
where N is the final concentration (1.0 ppm), N0 is the initial concentration (10.3 ppm), t is the time elapsed, and T is the half-life (28.8 years).

Plugging in the values, we get:
1.0 = 10.3 * (1/2)^(t/28.8)
Taking the natural logarithm of both sides:
ln(1.0/10.3) = (t/28.8) * ln(1/2)
Solving for t:
t = ln(1.0/10.3) * 28.8 / ln(1/2)
t ≈ 96.9 years

Therefore, the answer is C.

Question 3

When two atoms of ²H are fused to form one atom of ⁴He, the total energy evolved is 3)83 × 10^-¹²J. What is the total change in mass (in kg) for this reaction? (C = 3.00 × 10⁸m/s)

Accepted Answer

Using Einstein's famous equation E=mc^2, we can calculate the change in mass:

Δm = ΔE/c^2

First, we need to convert the energy from joules to kilograms:

83 × 10^12 J * (1 kg m^2/s^2 / 1 J) = 8.3 × 10^13 kg m^2/s^2

Now we can calculate the change in mass:

Δm = (8.3 × 10^13 kg m^2/s^2) / (3.00 × 10^8 m/s)^2 = 9.23 × 10^-28 kg

However, the answer choices are given in scientific notation, so we need to convert our answer:

Δm = 9.23 × 10^-28 kg = 4.26 × 10^-1 - 29

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

Question 4

Which of the following correctly represents the transmutation in which a curium- 242 nucleus is bombarded with an alpha particle to produce a californium- 245 nucleus?

Accepted Answer

During the transmutation, an alpha particle (He) with a mass of 4 and a charge of +2 is bombarded on curium-242 (Cm) nucleus, which has a mass of 242 and a charge of 96, resulting in the production of a californium-245 (Cf) nucleus with a mass of 245 and a charge of 98. The balanced nuclear equation for this transmutation is:

242/96 Cm + 4/2 He → 245/98 Cf

Option B represents this balanced nuclear equation, with the alpha particle (He) shown as a reactant on the left side and the californium-245 (Cf) shown as the product on the right side.

Question 5

Which one of the following devices converts radioactive emissions to light for detection?

Accepted Answer

A scintillation counter converts radioactive emissions to light for detection by using a scintillator material, which absorbs the energy from the radiation and emits light in response. The light is then detected by a photomultiplier tube, which converts the light into an electrical signal that can be measured and analyzed. Photographic film is used to record the tracks of particles emitted from radioactive sources, Geiger counters detect ionizing radiation by measuring the ionization produced in a gas, and radiotracers are substances labeled with a radioactive isotope that are used to track chemical processes in biological systems.

Question 6

The curie is a measure of the

Accepted Answer

The curie is a unit of measurement for radioactivity that is defined as the number of disintegrations per second of a radioactive substance. It is named after French physicist Marie Curie, who was a pioneer in the field of radioactivity.

Question 7

What is a phosphor?

Accepted Answer

A phosphor is a substance that emits light when excited by radiation. They are commonly used in fluorescent lights, cathode ray tubes, and other electronic displays.

Question 8

What exposure level to radiation is fatal to most humans?

Accepted Answer

Exposure to a dose of 600 rem of radiation is typically fatal to humans. At this level of exposure, the body's ability to repair damaged cells and tissues is overwhelmed, leading to radiation sickness and death. Lower doses of radiation exposure can still have harmful effects on the body, including an increased risk of cancer and genetic mutations. It's important to limit exposure to radiation whenever possible and take appropriate safety measures when working with radioactive materials.

Question 9

Of the following processes, which one changes the atomic number?

Accepted Answer

All of these processes change the atomic number because they involve the transformation of one element into another by altering the number of protons in the nucleus.

Question 10

What is the half- life (in min) of this radionuclide?

Accepted Answer

The given information is not sufficient to determine the radionuclide. However, we can use the formula for half-life, t1/2 = ln(2)/λ, where λ is the decay constant. Using the given decay rate, we can find λ = 0.0226 min^-1. Plugging this into the formula, we get t1/2 = ln(2)/0.0226 = 30.9 min, which corresponds to choice B.

Question 11

Atoms containing radioactive nuclei are called

Accepted Answer

The answer of Atoms containing radioactive nuclei are called
...

Question 12

Alpha decay produces a new nucleus whose than those respectively of the original nucleus.

Accepted Answer

In alpha decay, an alpha particle (which consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons) is emitted from the nucleus, resulting in a new nucleus with an atomic number 2 less and a mass number 4 less than the original nucleus.

Question 13

Which one of the following is used as a radiotracer to study blood?

Accepted Answer

Iron-59 is used as a radiotracer to study blood because it is incorporated into hemoglobin, allowing for the tracking of red blood cells.

Question 14

What are the "dees" ion a particle accelerator?

Accepted Answer

In a cyclotron, a type of particle accelerator, "dees" are D-shaped electrodes that create an oscillating electric field to accelerate charged particles.

Question 15

A freshly prepared sample of curium- 243 undergoes 3312 disintegrations per second. After 6.00 yr, the activity of the sample declines to 2755 disintegrations per second. The half- life of curium- 243 is   Yr.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A freshly prepared sample of curium- 243...

Question 16

What happens to the mass number and the atomic number of an element when it emits gamma radiation?

Accepted Answer

Gamma radiation is an electromagnetic wave emitted by the nucleus during a transition from a higher energy state to a lower one. It does not involve any changes in the number of protons or neutrons in the nucleus, so the mass number and atomic number remain unchanged.

Question 17

What happens to the mass number and the atomic number of an element when it undergoes beta decay?

Accepted Answer

In beta decay, a neutron is converted into a proton, which increases the atomic number by 1, while the mass number remains unchanged.

Question 18

What is the rate constant (in min^-¹) for the decay of this radionuclide?

Accepted Answer

The rate constant can be calculated using the equation:  
ln(Nt/N0) = -kt  
where N0 is the initial number of atoms, Nt is the number of atoms at time t, k is the rate constant, and t is time. Rearranging the equation gives:  
k = -ln(Nt/N0) / t  
Substituting the given values:  
k = -ln(1/2) / 30 = 0.0224 min^-1  
Therefore, choice C is the correct answer.

Question 19

The mass of a proton is 1.00728 amu and that of a neutron is 1.00867 amu. What is the binding energy per nucleon (in J) of a  nucleus? (The mass of a cobalt- 60 nucleus is 59.9338 amu.)

Accepted Answer

The total mass of a 11ec8354_ee08_ac0f_b7a5_cd0950e15023_TB1819_11 nucleus is (11)(1.00728 amu) + (23)(1.00867 amu) = 27.90869 amu.
The mass defect is (27.90869 amu) - (59.9338 amu) = 32.02511 amu.
The binding energy is (32.02511 amu)(1.66054 x 10^-27 kg/amu)(2.99792 x 10^8 m/s)^2 = 4.806 x 10^-10 J
The number of nucleons in a 11ec8354_ee08_ac0f_b7a5_cd0950e15023_TB1819_11 nucleus is 34, so the binding energy per nucleon is (4.806 x 10^-10 J)/(34 nucleons) = 1.415 x 10^-11 J/nucleon
The closest answer is C) 1.368 × 10^-11 J/nucleon.

Question 20

Carbon- 11 decays by positron emission: The decay occurs with a release of 2.87 × 10¹¹J per mole of carbon- 11. When 4.00 g of carbon- 11 undergoes this radioactive decay, _ _ g of mass is converted to energy.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Carbon- 11 decays by positron emission:

The decay...

Quiz 21: Nuclear Chemistry

All atoms of a given element have the same

The half- life for beta decay of strontium- 90 is 28.8 years. A milk sample is found to contain 10.3 ppm strontium- 90. How many years would pass before the strontium- 90 concentration would drop to 1.0 ppm?

When two atoms of ²H are fused to form one atom of ⁴He, the total energy evolved is 3) 83 × 10^-¹²J. What is the total change in mass (in kg) for this reaction? (C = 3.00 × 10⁸m/s)

Which of the following correctly represents the transmutation in which a curium- 242 nucleus is bombarded with an alpha particle to produce a californium- 245 nucleus?

Which one of the following devices converts radioactive emissions to light for detection?

The curie is a measure of the

What is a phosphor?

What exposure level to radiation is fatal to most humans?

Of the following processes, which one changes the atomic number?

What is the half- life (in min) of this radionuclide?

Atoms containing radioactive nuclei are called

Alpha decay produces a new nucleus whose than those respectively of the original nucleus.

Which one of the following is used as a radiotracer to study blood?

What are the "dees" ion a particle accelerator?

A freshly prepared sample of curium- 243 undergoes 3312 disintegrations per second. After 6.00 yr, the activity of the sample declines to 2755 disintegrations per second. The half- life of curium- 243 is Yr.

What happens to the mass number and the atomic number of an element when it emits gamma radiation?

What happens to the mass number and the atomic number of an element when it undergoes beta decay?

What is the rate constant (in min^-¹) for the decay of this radionuclide?

The mass of a proton is 1.00728 amu and that of a neutron is 1.00867 amu. What is the binding energy per nucleon (in J) of a nucleus? (The mass of a cobalt- 60 nucleus is 59.9338 amu.)

Carbon- 11 decays by positron emission: The decay occurs with a release of 2.87 × 10¹¹J per mole of carbon- 11. When 4.00 g of carbon- 11 undergoes this radioactive decay, _ _ g of mass is converted to energy.

Quiz 21: Nuclear Chemistry

All atoms of a given element have the same

The half- life for beta decay of strontium- 90 is 28.8 years. A milk sample is found to contain 10.3 ppm strontium- 90. How many years would pass before the strontium- 90 concentration would drop to 1.0 ppm?

When two atoms of 2H are fused to form one atom of 4He, the total energy evolved is 3) 83 × 10- 12 J. What is the total change in mass (in kg) for this reaction? (C = 3.00 × 108 m/s)

Which of the following correctly represents the transmutation in which a curium- 242 nucleus is bombarded with an alpha particle to produce a californium- 245 nucleus?

Which one of the following devices converts radioactive emissions to light for detection?

The curie is a measure of the

What is a phosphor?

What exposure level to radiation is fatal to most humans?

Of the following processes, which one changes the atomic number?

What is the half- life (in min) of this radionuclide?

Atoms containing radioactive nuclei are called

Alpha decay produces a new nucleus whose than those respectively of the original nucleus.

Which one of the following is used as a radiotracer to study blood?

What are the "dees" ion a particle accelerator?

A freshly prepared sample of curium- 243 undergoes 3312 disintegrations per second. After 6.00 yr, the activity of the sample declines to 2755 disintegrations per second. The half- life of curium- 243 is Yr.

What happens to the mass number and the atomic number of an element when it emits gamma radiation?

What happens to the mass number and the atomic number of an element when it undergoes beta decay?

What is the rate constant (in min- 1) for the decay of this radionuclide?

The mass of a proton is 1.00728 amu and that of a neutron is 1.00867 amu. What is the binding energy per nucleon (in J) of a nucleus? (The mass of a cobalt- 60 nucleus is 59.9338 amu.)

Carbon- 11 decays by positron emission: The decay occurs with a release of 2.87 × 1011 J per mole of carbon- 11. When 4.00 g of carbon- 11 undergoes this radioactive decay, _ _ g of mass is converted to energy.

When two atoms of ²H are fused to form one atom of ⁴He, the total energy evolved is 3) 83 × 10^-¹²J. What is the total change in mass (in kg) for this reaction? (C = 3.00 × 10⁸m/s)

What is the rate constant (in min^-¹) for the decay of this radionuclide?

Carbon- 11 decays by positron emission: The decay occurs with a release of 2.87 × 10¹¹J per mole of carbon- 11. When 4.00 g of carbon- 11 undergoes this radioactive decay, _ _ g of mass is converted to energy.