Question 1

For the following question(s): A study reported; "A chi-square test for independence was conducted to explore the relationship between whether a person had or had not sought psychological counseling and the person's profession (lawyer, car dealer, college professor, high school teacher, and postal worker). A significant relationship was found, XS1U1P12S1S1P0(4, N = 100)= 12.33, p < .05." Here are the results: 
-What percentage of postal workers had NOT sought counseling?
A)5/34 = 15%
B)5/100 = 5%
C)5/9 = 56%
D)5/14 = 36%

Accepted Answer

5 out of 14 postal workers had not sought counseling, which is approximately 36%.

Question 2

If one were to carry out a square-root transformation on the following data (16, 64, 1089, 484), the resulting dataset will comprise which group of numbers?
A)2, 4, 8, 33
B)1, 1, 1, 1
C)4, 8, 33, 22
D)4, 8, 22, 33

Accepted Answer

The square-root transformation involves taking the square root of each number in the dataset. The square roots of 16, 64, 1089, and 484 are 4, 8, 33, and 22, respectively.

Question 3

For the following question(s): A study reported; "A chi-square test for independence was conducted to explore the relationship between whether a person had or had not sought psychological counseling and the person's profession (lawyer, car dealer, college professor, high school teacher, and postal worker). A significant relationship was found, XS1U1P12S1S1P0(4, N = 100)= 12.33, p < .05." Here are the results: 
-What percentage of college professors had sought counseling?
A)22/66 = 33%
B)22/29 = 76%
C)19/66 = 29%
D)19/29 = 66%

Accepted Answer

B) 22/29 = 76% is the correct choice because it accurately represents the percentage of college professors who had sought counseling based on the given fraction.

Question 4

In a square-root transformation:
A)high numbers become very low and low numbers become very high
B)moderate numbers remain unchanged, but low numbers become slightly higher
C)low numbers become much lower and high numbers remain basically unchanged
D)moderate numbers become slightly lower and high numbers become much lower

Accepted Answer

In a square-root transformation, the primary effect is to reduce the impact of very high numbers. Moderate numbers might become slightly lower due to the nature of the transformation (since the square root of a number less than 1 is greater than the original number, and the square root of a number greater than 1 is less than the original number), but the most significant change is that high numbers are reduced more substantially, making the data less skewed.

Question 5

One finding of this study was that:
A)being poor caused people to be Catholic
B)poor people tended to be Protestant, Catholic, or other, while middle-class people were most likely to be Protestant
C)poor people valued religion more than middle-class people
D)being Catholic caused people to be poor

Accepted Answer

The study found that poor people tended to be Protestant, Catholic, or other, while middle-class people were most likely to be Protestant. This indicates that a person's socioeconomic status is related to their religious affiliation. It does not suggest that being poor causes someone to be Catholic or that being Catholic causes someone to be poor. It also does not indicate that poor people value religion more than middle-class people.

Question 6

What percentage of people were protestant in this study?
A)22
B)17
C)31
D)4

Accepted Answer

The study mentions that 31% of the participants identified as Protestant, therefore the answer is C.

Question 7

Assumptions for statistical procedures are about:
A)populations
B)samples
C)inferences
D)hypotheses

Accepted Answer

The answer of Assumptions for statistical procedures are about:
A)populations
B)samples
C)inferences
D)hypotheses...

Question 8

What is an important point to consider for any data transformation procedure:
A)one must perform the transformation on all the scores on a given variable
B)no matter what transformation is used, the order of the scores always stays the same
C)the transformed version of a set of scores may meet the normality assumption
D)all of the above

Accepted Answer

All of the listed points are important considerations when performing any data transformation procedure. A) One must perform the transformation on all scores on a given variable to ensure consistency and avoid bias. B) No matter what transformation is used, the order of scores always stays the same to maintain the integrity of the data. C) The transformed version of a set of scores may meet the normality assumption, which is often a goal of data transformation procedures.

Question 9

A population is usually NOT normally distributed if:
A)a small sample drawn from the population is positively skewed
B)two variables are measured at the same time
C)a scale or index is used for the measured variable
D)there is a strong ceiling or floor effect

Accepted Answer

If there is a strong ceiling or floor effect, it means that a significant portion of the population will fall at either extreme end of the scale, resulting in a non-normal distribution.

Question 10

A widely used procedure when the sample scores do not appear to come from a normal population is to:
A)duplicate scores that will make the sample more normal
B)sample only members of the population who will make the samples normal
C)transform the scores
D)normalize the scores by deleting the individuals that make the distribution non-normal

Accepted Answer

Transforming the scores is the best choice in this scenario. This can be done through different methods such as taking logarithm or square root of the scores, or applying a z-score transformation. Transformation can make the distribution more normal, allowing for accurate statistical analyses. Duplicating or deleting scores, or sampling only certain individuals will not address the underlying issue of non-normality and may even introduce bias to the sample.

Question 11

In general, the t test and the analysis of variance are:
A)dependent on five basic assumptions
B)free of assumptions
C)sensitive to violations of assumptions
D)adequate if there are not large violations of assumptions

Accepted Answer

The answer of In general, the t test and the...

Question 12

When the normal-curve assumption is strongly violated, the ordinary t test:
A)resembles an analysis of variance
B)is conducted using Z scores instead of t scores
C)gives an incorrect result
D)is adequate

Accepted Answer

When the normal-curve assumption is strongly violated, the ordinary t test can give incorrect results.

Question 13

In addition to inventing the chi-square test, Kari Pearson also invented the method of computing correlation used today and coined the terms(s):
A)histogram
B)skew
C)spurious correlation
D)all of the above

Accepted Answer

Kari Pearson invented not only the chi-square test but also the method of computing correlation used today. She also coined the terms histogram, skew, and spurious correlation. Therefore, the best choice is D, i.e., all of the above.

Question 14

The phi coefficient for this study is:
A) .03
B) .35
C)1.11
D) .11

Accepted Answer

The phi coefficient is a measure of the degree of association between two binary variables. This value ranges from -1 to 1. A value of 1.11 is not possible since the phi coefficient cannot exceed 1 or be less than -1, eliminating option C. Options A and D represent possible but relatively weak associations. Without specific data from the study, the exact calculation cannot be provided, but based on the range of possible values for a phi coefficient, option B (.35) is a plausible value indicating a moderate positive association between two binary variables.

Question 15

A sample that comes from a normally distributed population:
A)might have more members than the population
B)is often approximately normally distributed
C)is always normally distributed
D)is almost always curvilinear

Accepted Answer

When a random sample is taken from a normally distributed population, the sample itself may not have a normal distribution, but it will often be approximately normally distributed due to the central limit theorem.

Question 16

All of the following are valid conclusions from the study EXCEPT:
A)approximately 55% of lawyers sought counseling
B)car dealers comprised 23% of the entire sample
C)a majority of postal workers sought counseling
D)a majority of high school teachers sought counseling

Accepted Answer

The answer of All of the following are valid conclusions...

Question 17

A mathematical procedure (such as taking the square root)applied to each score in a sample, usually done to make the sample distribution closer to normal, is known as a:
A)procedural transliteration
B)data transformation
C)data manipulation logarithm
D)normality inducer

Accepted Answer

The procedure described is known as data transformation, which involves applying a mathematical procedure to each score in a sample to make the sample distribution closer to normal. This can be accomplished through a variety of methods, such as taking the square root or logarithm of each score.

Question 18

All of the following are true about the inventor of the chi-square test EXCEPT:
A)his name was Karl Pearson
B)he also invented the method of figuring correlation used today
C)he stole most of his ideas (or "borrowed heavily")from other statisticians
D)he also did work in the now-discredited field of eugenics

Accepted Answer

Karl Pearson is indeed credited with the invention of the chi-square test and the method of correlation used today. While he did work in the field of eugenics, which is now discredited, there is no substantial evidence to support the claim that he "stole most of his ideas" from other statisticians. This statement is not accurate in describing his contributions to statistics and his reputation in the scientific community.

Question 19

One finding of this study was that:
A)high school teachers tended to seek counseling less than the other professions studied
B)car dealers sought counseling less than other professions in the study
C)car dealers and college professors had the most stressful jobs, since they had had to seek counseling more than people in other professions.
D)car dealers were about evenly split on those who had and those who had not sought counseling

Accepted Answer

High school teachers, according to the study, were less likely to seek counseling compared to other professions that were part of the study.

Question 20

When conducting a statistical test, a single outlier can:
A)make the test more robust to violations of the assumption of normality
B)reduce the sample's variance, making significant results easier to achieve
C)lead to a significant result when the other numbers, considered without the outlier, would not have led to a significant result
D)improve the reliability of the statistical procedure

Accepted Answer

A single outlier can significantly affect the mean and standard deviation of a sample, potentially leading to a significant result when the other numbers, considered without the outlier, would not have led to a significant result. Therefore, option C is the best choice. The other options are not accurate as an outlier can make the test less robust, increase the variance, and reduce the reliability of the statistical procedure.

Quiz 11: Chi-Square Tests and Strategies When Population Distributions Are Not Normal

If one were to carry out a square-root transformation on the following data (16, 64, 1089, 484) , the resulting dataset will comprise which group of numbers?

In a square-root transformation:

One finding of this study was that:

What percentage of people were protestant in this study?

Assumptions for statistical procedures are about:

What is an important point to consider for any data transformation procedure:

A population is usually NOT normally distributed if:

A widely used procedure when the sample scores do not appear to come from a normal population is to:

In general, the t test and the analysis of variance are:

When the normal-curve assumption is strongly violated, the ordinary t test:

In addition to inventing the chi-square test, Kari Pearson also invented the method of computing correlation used today and coined the terms(s) :

The phi coefficient for this study is:

A sample that comes from a normally distributed population:

All of the following are valid conclusions from the study EXCEPT:

A mathematical procedure (such as taking the square root) applied to each score in a sample, usually done to make the sample distribution closer to normal, is known as a:

All of the following are true about the inventor of the chi-square test EXCEPT:

One finding of this study was that:

When conducting a statistical test, a single outlier can: