Question 1

The maturational changes that take place in infancy are equivalent in impact to those that take place during

Accepted Answer

C

Question 2

According to Epstein, babies develop a theory of

Accepted Answer

Epstein proposed that babies develop a "theory of reality," which is a basic understanding of the world around them. This concept is part of his broader psychological theories, emphasizing how individuals construct their perceptions of reality from a very young age.

Question 3

Babies shift from locating objects in relation to their own body to locating objects with reference to fixed landmarks when they acquire the ability to

Accepted Answer

Babies shift from locating objects in relation to their own body to locating objects with reference to fixed landmarks when they acquire the ability to crawl. This mobility allows them to explore their environment more extensively and understand spatial relationships better.

Question 4

All of the following occur between about seven and nine months EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Between seven and nine months, infants typically develop strong attachments and may show separation anxiety and fear of strangers, begin to move around independently (such as crawling), start to use meaningful gestures and comprehend words, and understand object permanence. However, the ability to participate in pretend play usually develops later, around 12 to 18 months of age.

Question 5

According to Bowlby, attachment occurs

Accepted Answer

Bowlby believed that attachment is an innate and biologically driven readiness to form emotional bonds with caregivers. This is based on his evolutionary theory of attachment, which posits that attachment is a survival mechanism that promotes the protection and care of dependent offspring.

Question 6

When Bee and Boyd state that the newborn infant is "very much on automatic pilot," they mean that

Accepted Answer

When Bee and Boyd state that the newborn infant is "very much on automatic pilot," they mean that there are built-in rules or schemas that govern the way the infant looks, listens, explores the world, and relates to others. In other words, the newborn's behavior and development are largely guided by automatic, innate processes rather than conscious choices or deliberate actions.

Question 7

Eight-month-old Tony would be in which of Erikson's stages?

Accepted Answer

Eight-month-old Tony is in Erikson's stage of trust vs. mistrust. This stage occurs from birth to 18 months and is characterized by the child's developing sense of trust or mistrust in their caregivers and environment. Tony is at this stage because he is still a young infant who is learning to trust those who care for him.

Question 8

Which of the following BEST describes an example of child development as a system?

Accepted Answer

Child development as a system involves multiple components interacting with each other. Naren's beginning to talk and the subsequent change in his social interactions with his child care provider exemplify this interaction between language development and social development.

Question 9

Who used the term "dilemma" to refer to a period of semiupheaval that occurs when a system changes?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Who used the term "dilemma" to refer...

Question 10

Automatic, reflexive responses give way to behavior that appears to be more volitional at approximately what age?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Automatic, reflexive responses give way to behavior...

Question 11

What term did Riegel use to describe the semiupheaval that occurs as systems change?

Accepted Answer

Riegel referred to the semiupheaval that occurs as systems change as a "developmental leap," indicating a significant but manageable shift in development.

Question 12

Between 6 and 12 months of age, Keshawn should acquire the ability to

Accepted Answer

Between 6 and 12 months of age, infants like Keshawn typically develop the ability to discriminate facial expressions, which is a key milestone in emotional and social development. Walking alone, using deferred imitation, playing with peers, and experiencing complex emotions like pride and shame usually develop later in infancy or during the toddler years.

Question 13

Debbie is a new mother and she will be more alert to her baby's signals during breast-feeding because of the release of what hormone?

Accepted Answer

Cortisol is known as the "stress hormone" and plays a significant role in the body's alertness and stress response. In the context of a new mother, increased cortisol levels can make her more alert to her baby's needs and signals during breastfeeding, as part of the body's natural response to care for the offspring.

Question 14

Who suggested the term "developmental leaps" to describe a period of system change?

Accepted Answer

Riegel suggested the term "developmental leaps" to describe periods of system change, emphasizing the dynamic and non-linear aspects of development.

Question 15

The acceptable range of experience is narrowest for the development of

Accepted Answer

The development of a secure central attachment is heavily influenced by early experiences with caregivers and is a critical aspect of social and emotional development. Research has shown that the window of opportunity for developing a secure attachment is quite narrow, typically occurring in the first two years of life. The acceptable range of experience for physical features, perceptual skills, cognitive growth, and social skills is broader than that of the development of a secure attachment.

Question 16

What term did Erikson use to describe the semiupheaval that occurs as systems change?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What term did Erikson use to describe...

Question 17

By 4 months of age, Brianne should achieve all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

By 4 months of age, infants typically develop the ability to recognize their mother, show depth perception, cooing, and spontaneous social smiling. Anticipatory fear, however, does not usually develop until later in infancy, making it the correct choice for an ability that Brianne should not be expected to have achieved by 4 months of age.

Question 18

Cross-modal transfer, depth perception, and the identification of patterns of sounds and sights all emerge

Accepted Answer

Cross-modal transfer, depth perception, and the identification of patterns of sounds and sights all emerge before 8 months of age. These abilities are important for infants to develop an understanding of their environment and interact with it. Research has shown that infants as young as 3-4 months old can use information from one sensory modality to make predictions about another, indicating the emergence of cross-modal transfer abilities. Depth perception, which is the ability to perceive the distance of objects in the environment, also emerges around 4-7 months of age. Lastly, the ability to identify patterns of sounds and sights develops around 6-8 months of age, and is important for language development and learning.

Question 19

Michelle has just grasped the idea that objects and people continue to exist even when she can't see them. She is probably how old?

Accepted Answer

According to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, object permanence typically develops around 7 to 9 months of age. This means that infants begin to understand that objects and people continue to exist even when they can't see them.

Question 20

The development of a basic attachment requires the cognitive skill of ____________ as a necessary condition.

Accepted Answer

Object permanence is the ability to know that an object continues to exist even when it is out of sight. A basic attachment requires a baby to be able to understand that their caregiver still exists even when they cannot see or hear them, which is a demonstration of object permanence. Depth perception (A) relates to the ability to judge distances and perceive depth. Formal operations (B) and concrete operations (C) are stages of cognitive development in Piaget's theory that occur later in childhood and are not necessary for the development of basic attachment. Conservation (E) is the understanding that the physical quantity of an object remains constant even if its shape or appearance changes, which is not directly related to the development of attachment.

Putting It All Together: The Developing Child