Question 1

Hermaphroditism is a type of
A)asexual reproduction pattern only.
B)sexual reproduction pattern only.
C)both asexual and sexual reproduction patterns.

Accepted Answer

Hermaphroditism refers to organisms that possess both male and female reproductive organs, allowing them to participate in sexual reproduction by producing both types of gametes.

Question 2

Why might scientists want to figure out how to change sexually reproducing plants that are in high demand in agriculture into asexually reproducing plants?
A)Farmers would be able to harvest asexually producing plants in a more efficient manner because asexual reproduction has lower energy costs than sexual reproduction.
B)Farmers who have to buy new seeds for high-demand plants would have their seed costs cut dramatically.
C)High-demand plants,such as beans and corn,will have higher taste quality in asexually reproducing plants.
D)Asexually reproducing plants require less water and fertilizer than sexually reproducing plants.

Accepted Answer

By changing sexually reproducing plants into asexually reproducing plants, farmers would no longer have to purchase new seeds each year, saving them money on seed costs.

Question 3

Asexual reproduction results in greater reproductive success than does sexual reproduction when
A)pathogens are rapidly diversifying.
B)a species has accumulated numerous deleterious mutations.
C)there is some potential for rapid overpopulation.
D)a species is expanding into diverse geographic settings.
E)a species is in stable and favorable environments.

Accepted Answer

Asexual reproduction results in greater reproductive success than sexual reproduction only in stable and favorable environments because it allows for rapid reproduction without the energy expenditure and chance variations of sexual reproduction. In unstable environments or when facing rapidly evolving pathogens or changing geographic settings, the genetic diversity provided by sexual reproduction can be beneficial for adapting and surviving. If a species has accumulated numerous deleterious mutations, asexual reproduction can lead to a loss of genetic diversity and further decrease fitness over time. Rapid overpopulation can also occur in asexual reproduction, leading to resource depletion and intra-species competition for survival.

Question 4

In close comparisons,external fertilization often yields more offspring than does internal fertilization.However,internal fertilization offers the advantage that
A)it is the only way to ensure the survival of the species.
B)it requires less time and energy to be devoted to reproduction.
C)the smaller number of offspring produced often receive a greater amount of parental investment.
D)it permits the most rapid population increase.
E)it requires expression of fewer genes and maximizes genetic stability.

Accepted Answer

Internal fertilization typically results in a smaller number of offspring being produced, but these offspring often receive a greater amount of parental investment. This increased investment can increase the survival and reproductive success of the offspring, ultimately leading to a more successful species. Additionally, internal fertilization allows for greater control over fertilization and can prevent the wastage of gametes, leading to greater efficiency in reproduction.

Question 5

Environmental cues that influence the timing of reproduction generally do so by
A)increasing organisms' body temperature.
B)providing access to water for external fertilization.
C)increasing the ambient temperature to that which is comfortable for sexual reproduction.
D)causing direct effects on gonadal structures.
E)causing direct effects on hormonal control mechanisms.

Accepted Answer

Environmental cues often influence reproduction by affecting hormonal control mechanisms, which regulate reproductive timing and processes.

Question 6

Evidence that parthenogenetic whiptail lizards are derived from sexually reproducing ancestors includes
A)the requirement for male-like behaviors in some females before their partners will ovulate.
B)the development and then regression of testes prior to sexual maturation.
C)the observation that all of the offspring are haploid.
D)dependence on favorable weather conditions for ovulation to occur.
E)a complete cycle of fragmentation and regeneration of female gonadal structures.

Accepted Answer

Parthenogenetic whiptail lizards exhibit male-like behaviors in some females to stimulate ovulation, indicating a sexual reproduction origin, as these behaviors mimic mating rituals found in sexually reproducing species.

Question 7

Below are four factors that may be important for an animal to reproduce.Which factor(s)are required by animals that reproduce using internal fertilization?
I.cooperative copulatory behavior
II.compatible reproductive systems
III.a moist environment for spawning
IV.sperm
A)IV only
B)I and II only
C)II,III,and IV only
D)I,II,and IV only

Accepted Answer

Animals that reproduce using internal fertilization require cooperative copulatory behavior to ensure successful mating, compatible reproductive systems to allow for the transfer of sperm, and sperm for fertilization. A moist environment for spawning is not necessary for internal fertilization.

Question 8

Among nonmammalian vertebrates,the cloaca is an anatomical structure that functions as a
A)specialized sperm-transfer device produced only by males.
B)shared pathway for the digestive,excretory,and reproductive systems.
C)region bordered by the labia minora and clitoris in females.
D)source of nutrients for developing sperm in the testes.
E)gland that secretes mucus to lubricate the vaginal opening.

Accepted Answer

The cloaca is a shared pathway for the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems in nonmammalian vertebrates. It is a common opening where feces, urine, and gametes (sperm or eggs) exit the body.

Question 9

Regeneration,the regrowth of lost body parts,normally follows
A)all types of asexual reproduction.
B)all types of sexual reproduction.
C)fission.
D)fragmentation.
E)parthenogenesis.

Accepted Answer

Regeneration is a form of asexual reproduction that only occurs in certain organisms, such as starfish and planarians. Fragmentation is a type of asexual reproduction where the organism breaks into pieces, each of which has the ability to regenerate into a new individual. Therefore, choice D is the best answer as it specifically identifies a type of asexual reproduction that is associated with regeneration.

Question 10

Horseshoe crabs,genetically related to scorpions and spiders,are capable of only one type of fertilization.Female horseshoe crabs dig a shallow hole near the ocean shoreline that can fill with water.They then lay their eggs in that hole,and male horseshoe crabs mount the females and deposit their sperm over the eggs.This is an example of
A)external fertilization without copulation.
B)external fertilization with copulation.
C)internal fertilization without copulation.
D)internal fertilization with copulation.

Accepted Answer

The male horseshoe crabs mount the females and deposit their sperm over the eggs, which is an example of external fertilization with copulation.

Question 11

One of the evolutionary "enigmas," or unsolved puzzles,of sexual reproduction is that
A)sexual reproduction allows for more rapid population growth than does asexual reproduction.
B)only half of the offspring from sexually reproducing females are also females.
C)asexual reproduction produces offspring of greater genetic variety.
D)sexual reproduction is completed more rapidly than asexual reproduction.
E)asexual reproduction is better suited to environments with extremely varying conditions.

Accepted Answer

In sexual reproduction, males only contribute either an X or a Y chromosome to the offspring, determining whether the offspring will be male or female. Therefore, only half of the offspring from sexually reproducing females will also be females. This is not the case in asexual reproduction.

Question 12

An oocyte released from a human ovary enters the oviduct as a result of
A)the beating action of the flagellum on the oocyte.
B)the force of the follicular ejection directing the oocyte into the oviduct.
C)the wavelike beating of cilia lining the oviduct.
D)movement of the oocyte through the pulsating uterus into the oviduct.
E)peristaltic contraction of ovarian muscles.

Accepted Answer

The wavelike beating of cilia lining the oviduct helps in moving the oocyte from the ovary into the oviduct.

Question 13

Springtails are a type of arthropod.Male springtails drop tiny beads of semen attached to stalks.Females that are ready to reproduce search out these drops and take them into their genital opening.This is an example of
A)external fertilization without copulation.
B)external fertilization with copulation.
C)internal fertilization without copulation.
D)internal fertilization with copulation.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of internal fertilization without copulation because the sperm is taken into the female's body without direct mating or copulation.

Question 14

The cervix is formed by the junction of the
A)upper vagina and uterus.
B)lower vagina and labia minora.
C)ovary and uterus.
D)clitoris and labia majora.

Accepted Answer

The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that opens into the upper end of the vagina, forming the junction between the two structures. Therefore, option A - the junction of the upper vagina and the uterus - is the correct answer. Option B is incorrect as the lower vagina and labia minora do not form the cervix. Option C is also incorrect as the ovary is not directly connected to the cervix. Option D is incorrect as the clitoris and labia majora are external genitalia and are not part of the cervix.

Question 15

Like many other fishes,bluehead wrasses utilize harem mating as they reproduce sexually.However,unlike most fishes,
A)they also reproduce by fission.
B)they function without any signaling by steroid hormones.
C)they undergo a prolonged menopause during low tide.
D)their offspring can be either haploid or diploid.
E)large females morph into reproductively competent males.

Accepted Answer

Bluehead wrasses have the ability to change sex in response to social cues and changes in the environment. This means that large females can morph into reproductively competent males, allowing for the formation of harems for mating purposes.

Question 16

External chemical signals that coordinate potential reproductive partners are called
A)hormones.
B)gametes.
C)pheromones.

Accepted Answer

External chemical signals that coordinate potential reproductive partners are called pheromones. Hormones are chemical messengers produced within an organism that affect physiological processes. Gametes are reproductive cells (sperm and eggs) that fuse during fertilization to form a zygote. Pheromones are used by many animals to communicate with members of their own species, often functioning as a way to attract potential mates.

Question 17

The spermathecae is used by what kind of species for sperm storage?
A)male mammals
B)female birds
C)male crustaceans
D)female insects

Accepted Answer

The spermathecae is a female reproductive organ found in insects that is used for the long-term storage of sperm received during mating.

Question 18

Sexual reproduction
A)allows animals to conserve resources and reproduce only during optimal conditions.
B)can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a changing environment.
C)yields more numerous offspring more rapidly than is possible with asexual reproduction.
D)enables males and females to remain isolated from each other while rapidly colonizing habitats.
E)guarantees that both parents will provide care for each offspring.

Accepted Answer

Sexual reproduction can produce offspring with diverse phenotypes through genetic recombination, which can increase the likelihood of survival in changing environments. This is not possible with asexual reproduction, which yields genetically identical offspring. The other answer choices are not accurate statements about sexual reproduction.

Question 19

Which of the following patterns of reproduction are found only among invertebrate animals?
A)sexual and asexual reproduction
B)external and internal fertilization
C)hermaphroditism and parthenogenesis
D)fission and budding

Accepted Answer

Fission and budding are forms of asexual reproduction that are typically found only among invertebrate animals. Sexual and asexual reproduction, external and internal fertilization, and hermaphroditism and parthenogenesis can be found in both invertebrate and vertebrate animals.

Question 20

An advantage of asexual reproduction is that it
A)allows the species to endure long periods of unstable environmental conditions.
B)enhances genetic variability in the species.
C)enables the species to rapidly colonize habitats that are favorable to that species.
D)produces offspring that respond effectively to new pathogens.
E)allows a species to easily rid itself of harmful mutations.

Accepted Answer

Asexual reproduction allows organisms to reproduce quickly and efficiently, which is advantageous for rapidly colonizing new or favorable habitats. This method produces genetically identical offspring, enabling a successful genotype to proliferate without the need for a mate.

Quiz 36: Reproduction and Development

Hermaphroditism is a type of

Why might scientists want to figure out how to change sexually reproducing plants that are in high demand in agriculture into asexually reproducing plants?

Asexual reproduction results in greater reproductive success than does sexual reproduction when

In close comparisons,external fertilization often yields more offspring than does internal fertilization.However,internal fertilization offers the advantage that

Environmental cues that influence the timing of reproduction generally do so by

Evidence that parthenogenetic whiptail lizards are derived from sexually reproducing ancestors includes

Below are four factors that may be important for an animal to reproduce.Which factor(s) are required by animals that reproduce using internal fertilization? I.cooperative copulatory behavior II.compatible reproductive systems III.a moist environment for spawning IV.sperm

Among nonmammalian vertebrates,the cloaca is an anatomical structure that functions as a

Regeneration,the regrowth of lost body parts,normally follows

One of the evolutionary "enigmas," or unsolved puzzles,of sexual reproduction is that

An oocyte released from a human ovary enters the oviduct as a result of

Springtails are a type of arthropod.Male springtails drop tiny beads of semen attached to stalks.Females that are ready to reproduce search out these drops and take them into their genital opening.This is an example of

The cervix is formed by the junction of the

Like many other fishes,bluehead wrasses utilize harem mating as they reproduce sexually.However,unlike most fishes,

External chemical signals that coordinate potential reproductive partners are called

The spermathecae is used by what kind of species for sperm storage?

Sexual reproduction

Which of the following patterns of reproduction are found only among invertebrate animals?

An advantage of asexual reproduction is that it