Question 1

Research questions are never descriptive.

Accepted Answer

Research questions can be descriptive or non-descriptive. Descriptive research questions seek to describe a phenomenon or situation, while non-descriptive research questions seek to explain or explore a phenomenon or situation.

Question 2

Explain the difference between an empirical journal article and a popular magazine article.

Accepted Answer

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Question 3

Detail and discussion of what one should include in the results section of an empirical research article.

Accepted Answer

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Question 4

Empirical journal articles are considered secondary sources for research information because they are written by the researchers who conducted the research and details of the study are provided.

Accepted Answer

Empirical journal articles are considered primary sources for research information because they provide the original data and findings of the study conducted by the researchers. Secondary sources are typically sources that summarize or analyze primary sources, such as review articles or textbooks.

Question 5

The review process for book chapters is variable and may not be as rigorous as that for journal articles.

Accepted Answer

Book chapters may undergo a review process but it may not be as strict or thorough as the process for journal articles. The level of review can vary depending on the book's publisher, editor, and subject matter.

Question 6

Explanations of behavior that need to be tested can guide research questions.

Accepted Answer

Explanations of behavior that need to be tested can lead to research questions that can be tested through research. This is a fundamental principle of the scientific method.

Question 7

Taking a specific result from another study and using it to make a more general prediction for the research question of interest is inductive reasoning.

Accepted Answer

Inductive reasoning involves using specific observations or data to draw a broader conclusion or prediction. Therefore, taking a specific result from another study and using it to make a more general prediction for the research question of interest would be an example of inductive reasoning.

Question 8

Theory-driven hypotheses are made from the predictions of a theory.

Accepted Answer

Theory-driven hypotheses are based on the predictions made by a existing theory, and are generally testable through empirical research. This is in contrast to data-driven hypotheses, which are generated from analyzing data without necessarily being grounded in a theoretical framework.

Question 9

A theory-driven hypothesis involves inductive reasoning in that a researcher is taking a general statement about behavior (the theory) and making a specific prediction (the hypothesis) about the study from this general statement.

Accepted Answer

A theory-driven hypothesis involves deductive reasoning in which a researcher uses a theory to generate a specific prediction about behavior in a particular situation. Inductive reasoning involves starting with specific observations and then using those observations to develop a general theory.

Question 10

The methods section provides a summary of the data (often in tables or figures) and information about the statistical tests that were performed to analyze the data.

Accepted Answer

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Question 11

Describe how you would conduct a literature review for the research question "Do symptoms of depression improve with cognitive therapy?"

Accepted Answer

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Question 12

Explain the difference between descriptive and causal hypotheses.

Accepted Answer

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Question 13

An introduction is a short summary of the study that allows readers to decide if the article is relevant to their literature review without reading the entire article.

Accepted Answer

An introduction provides background information, sets the context, and states the purpose and objectives of the study, but it does not summarize the entire article. The abstract typically serves the purpose of summarizing the study for relevance.

Question 14

Explain the difference between theory-driven and data-driven hypotheses.

Accepted Answer

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Question 15

Google Scholar will search the Web for academic journals and books to find articles relevant to a topic or written by a specific author.

Accepted Answer

Google Scholar is designed specifically for searching academic and scholarly materials, including articles and books, making it a valuable tool for researchers, students, and scholars.

Question 16

Explain why a Google search will not provide a good literature review of a topic area in psychology?

Accepted Answer

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Question 17

Conducting a literature review will ensure that a new study will add to the knowledge in an area without duplicating what is already known.

Accepted Answer

Conducting a literature review is an important step in research to identify gaps in knowledge and avoid duplication of existing research. It helps the researcher to understand what has been established in the field and what questions need further exploration.

Question 18

If researchers are interested in the causes of behavior, they state a prediction about a particular cause of behavior and are using data-driven theory.

Accepted Answer

Researchers interested in the causes of behavior typically formulate hypotheses based on existing theories or previous findings, rather than using a purely data-driven approach. Data-driven theory involves generating theories after observing patterns in data, not before.

Question 19

Discuss the purpose of review articles in terms of conducting a literature review.

Accepted Answer

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Question 20

Researchers should consider how appropriate their question is for both scientific methods and the specific field of study before moving on to designing a study.

Accepted Answer

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Quiz 2: Hypothesis Development: Where Research Questions Come From