Question 1

Which cognitive process allows us to determine which of the many sensations around us we are going to store in memory and which of those data we are going to discard?
A) eidetics
B) selection
C) concentration
D) attention

Accepted Answer

Attention is the cognitive process that allows us to selectively focus on particular stimuli while ignoring others, thus determining which sensations we are going to store in memory and which we are going to discard. Selection and concentration are related to attention and are not separate cognitive processes, while eidetics (or photographic memory) refers to the ability to recall images with great precision but is not related to the process of determining which sensations to store in memory.

Question 2

__________ encoding is the process of encoding meaning.
A) Semantic
B) Sensory
C) Working
D) Interpretative

Accepted Answer

Semantic encoding involves encoding meaning, such as the meaning of words or concepts. This is in contrast to sensory encoding, which involves encoding information based on sensory input, and working encoding, which involves temporary storage and manipulation of information. Interpretative encoding is not a commonly used term in psychology or cognitive science.

Question 3

When you are asked to "clear your mind and think of nothing," this tends to be a very difficult feat to accomplish.Various images,thoughts,and "sounds" go flashing through your mind.The harder you try to think of nothing,the harder it is to think of nothing.Based on your reading of the chapter,why is "clear your mind" such a paradoxical instruction?
A) Because you are being given this instruction when you are surrounded by stimuli. Even if you close your eyes, the incoming information is impossible to block out.
B) Because the electrical impulses of the brain make the concept of "thinking of nothing" an impossibility.
C) Because your attention has been directed toward your own thoughts, which makes it difficult not to think of anything.
D) Because the physiological processes involved in thinking of "nothing" can only function when you are asleep or otherwise unconscious.

Accepted Answer

The instruction to "clear your mind and think of nothing" is paradoxical because it directs your attention to your own thoughts, making it difficult not to think of anything. Essentially, the instruction can set off a cascade of thoughts that can be difficult to control or stop. Additionally, the brain is wired to constantly process information, so it is virtually impossible to completely think of nothing. Therefore, the instruction is contradictory and nearly impossible to achieve.

Question 4

Unconscious encoding is also called __________ processing.
A) unintentional
B) automatic
C) eidetic
D) cybernetic

Accepted Answer

Unconscious encoding is often automatic, meaning it is not done intentionally or with conscious effort.

Question 5

How long does it take before current iconic memories are replaced with new images?
A) Almost immediately
B) 2-4 seconds
C) 4-8 seconds
D) 8-15 seconds

Accepted Answer

Iconic memory, which refers to the visual sensory memory, retains images for a very brief period, almost immediately being replaced by new sensory input.

Question 6

Research has found that the _________ becomes activated during challenging working-memory tasks.
A) limbic system
B) amygdala
C) frontal lobe
D) cerebellum

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that the frontal lobe becomes activated during challenging working-memory tasks. This region of the brain is responsible for executive functions like attention, planning, problem-solving, and decision-making. It also helps regulate behavior and emotions, making it a key area for cognitive processing. The limbic system and amygdala are more associated with emotional processing, and the cerebellum is involved in motor control and coordination.

Question 7

__________ encoding occurs when you process a bit of information or sensation without deliberate thought or action.
A) Eidetic
B) Unconscious
C) Robotic
D) Unintentional

Accepted Answer

Unconscious encoding is characterized by the processing of information or sensation without deliberate thought or action. In this type of encoding, the information is processed automatically, without conscious awareness or intention.

Question 8

Which of the following types of information will be the easiest for us to encode and remember?
A) Information that is auditory in nature.
B) Information that uses only one type of encoding, so that it does not become "muddled" on the way into our memories.
C) Information that holds some personal meaning to us.
D) Information that is repeated to us more than one time.

Accepted Answer

Information that holds some personal meaning to us is more likely to be encoded and remembered because it has relevance and importance to our own lives. This type of information is connected to pre-existing knowledge and experiences, which makes it easier to process and store in long-term memory.

Question 9

If you see a bolt of lightning flash across the sky,you will have a visual memory of that stimulus for a brief second after it occurs.This sort of memory is called __________,which refers to our visual sensory memory.
A) photographic
B) eidetic
C) echoic
D) iconic

Accepted Answer

The term that refers to our visual sensory memory is iconic memory, making option D the correct choice. Photographic memory refers to the ability to remember detailed visual information for much longer periods of time, eidetic memory refers to the ability to vividly recall images in great detail after only a short exposure to them, and echoic memory refers to auditory sensory memory. None of these terms are appropriate for the given scenario.

Question 10

The act of applying the mind to a given sense or thought is called __________.
A) focus
B) attention
C) meditation
D) concentration

Accepted Answer

Attention is the act of applying the mind to a given sense or thought.

Question 11

Seeing is to _________ memory as hearing is to __________ memory.
A) sensory; working
B) iconic; echoic
C) atrophic; hypertrophic
D) short-term; long-term

Accepted Answer

Seeing is related to iconic memory and hearing is related to echoic memory. Iconic memory is a type of visual sensory memory that lasts only for a fraction of a second, while echoic memory is a type of auditory sensory memory that can last for a few seconds. Both are considered to be part of sensory memory, which is the initial stage of memory processing. Therefore, choice B is the most appropriate answer.

Question 12

Which two types of sensory memory do scientists have the most information about?
A) Tactile and visual
B) Visual and auditory
C) Auditory and olfactory
D) Visual and gustatory

Accepted Answer

Scientists have the most information about visual and auditory sensory memory. Research has shown that iconic memory (visual sensory memory) and echoic memory (auditory sensory memory) are the two most well-established types of sensory memory.

Question 13

__________ memory involves the ability to recall detailed images vividly after only a brief exposure to them.
A) Photographic
B) Mirror
C) Iconic
D) Eidetic

Accepted Answer

Eidetic memory, also known as photographic memory, is characterized by the ability to recall images or information with great accuracy and detail after only a few seconds of exposure. This ability is rare and has been observed in a small percentage of children.

Question 14

Which bit of evidence suggests that eidetic memory isn't truly photographic?
A) The fact that eidetic memory can only recall concepts and not specific details.
B) The fact that eidetic memory can also apply to auditory stimuli.
C) The fact that eidetikers sometimes make errors.
D) The fact that eidetikers are a much greater chance of being color-blind.

Accepted Answer

The fact that eidetikers sometimes make errors suggests that eidetic memory isn't truly photographic, as it implies that the memory isn't an exact replica of the original image or information.

Question 15

Which observation of those with eidetic memory suggests that they are "seeing" their memories for longer than the usually duration of iconic memory?
A) Their eyes move as though they are looking at an image.
B) The visual registers in the brain are more fully-developed in those with eidetic memory.
C) They do not experience REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, which suggests that their visual receptive processes are reserved exclusively for remembering.
D) Their memories are perfectly accurate, suggesting it is not just a "remembering" experience but it also a form of a cognitive "visual" experience.

Accepted Answer

Eidetic memory involves individuals being able to "see" an image in their mind for a significantly longer period than the typical duration of iconic memory, which lasts only a fraction of a second. The observation that their eyes move as if they are looking at an actual image suggests they are visually scanning the remembered image, much like they would a real one, indicating a prolonged visual experience beyond normal iconic memory duration.

Question 16

When you study for an exam,knowing that the outcome could make or break your semester grade,you are using __________ encoding.
A) imperative
B) affective
C) affected
D) conscious

Accepted Answer

Conscious encoding involves actively focusing and processing information with awareness, especially when the stakes are high, like studying for an important exam.

Question 17

__________ encoding is a process of encoding that involves paying specific attention to the information to be remembered.
A) Attentive
B) Conscious
C) Intentional
D) Directed

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________ encoding is a process of encoding...

Question 18

The average duration of iconic memory is ____ second(s),while the average duration of echoic memory is ___ second(s).
A) 1 to 3; 25 to 30
B) less than 1; 3 to 4
C) 1; 10
D) 3 to 4; 10 to 15

Accepted Answer

The average duration of iconic memory is less than 1 second, while the average duration of echoic memory is 3 to 4 seconds. Option B correctly represents these durations. Option A is incorrect because the duration of iconic memory is less than 3 seconds. Option C is incorrect because the duration of echoic memory is longer than 1 second. Option D is incorrect because both durations are exaggerated.

Question 19

In the movie "The Chosen," based on the book by Chaim Potok,one of the main characters,Danny,is able to recite verbatim an entire newspaper article from memory after looking at it for fewer than 10 seconds.This is an example of __________ memory.
A) flawless
B) eidetic
C) photographic
D) iconic

Accepted Answer

Eidetic memory, also known as photographic memory, is the ability to vividly and accurately recall images or information after only a brief exposure to it. This includes the ability to recall details such as colors, words, and numbers. Danny's ability to recite the newspaper article after briefly looking at it is an example of eidetic memory.

Question 20

Which type of encoding tends to lead to the longest amount of retention?
A) Visual encoding
B) Auditory encoding
C) Semantic encoding
D) Iconic encoding

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that semantic encoding, which involves processing information in terms of its meaning, promotes the deepest level of processing and leads to the longest retention of information. Visual and auditory encoding can also be effective, but they tend to create more shallow levels of processing. Iconic encoding, which involves encoding visual stimuli as images or pictures, is a type of visual encoding and is not typically studied in isolation from other encoding types.

Quiz 8: Memory

Which cognitive process allows us to determine which of the many sensations around us we are going to store in memory and which of those data we are going to discard?

__________ encoding is the process of encoding meaning.

Unconscious encoding is also called __________ processing.

How long does it take before current iconic memories are replaced with new images?

Research has found that the _________ becomes activated during challenging working-memory tasks.

__________ encoding occurs when you process a bit of information or sensation without deliberate thought or action.

Which of the following types of information will be the easiest for us to encode and remember?

If you see a bolt of lightning flash across the sky,you will have a visual memory of that stimulus for a brief second after it occurs.This sort of memory is called __________,which refers to our visual sensory memory.

The act of applying the mind to a given sense or thought is called __________.

Seeing is to _ memory as hearing is to __ memory.

Which two types of sensory memory do scientists have the most information about?

__________ memory involves the ability to recall detailed images vividly after only a brief exposure to them.

Which bit of evidence suggests that eidetic memory isn't truly photographic?

Which observation of those with eidetic memory suggests that they are "seeing" their memories for longer than the usually duration of iconic memory?

When you study for an exam,knowing that the outcome could make or break your semester grade,you are using __________ encoding.

__________ encoding is a process of encoding that involves paying specific attention to the information to be remembered.

The average duration of iconic memory is __ second(s) ,while the average duration of echoic memory is _ second(s) .

In the movie "The Chosen," based on the book by Chaim Potok,one of the main characters,Danny,is able to recite verbatim an entire newspaper article from memory after looking at it for fewer than 10 seconds.This is an example of __________ memory.

Which type of encoding tends to lead to the longest amount of retention?