Question 1

________ is a process by which the nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells.
A) Centration
B) Myelination
C) Tropism
D) Neurogenesis

Accepted Answer

Myelination is the process by which the nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells. Centration refers to a child's tendency to focus only on one aspect of a situation. Tropism refers to the growth or movement of an organism either towards or away from a stimulus. Neurogenesis refers to the process of generating new neurons in the brain.

Question 2

When 4- and 5-year-olds scramble over jungle gyms and race their friends, they demonstrate their
A) cognitive skills.
B) fine harboring skills.
C) gross motor skills.
D) reflective skills.

Accepted Answer

Gross motor skills involve the use of large muscle groups to perform physical activities. Activities such as scrambling over jungle gyms and racing require the use of gross motor skills.

Question 3

During early childhood, girls are ________ than boys.
A) much lighter
B) more muscular
C) slightly smaller
D) considerably taller

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that during early childhood, girls are slightly smaller than boys in terms of height and weight. However, these differences become more noticeable during puberty.

Question 4

The Reggio Emilia approach is a(n)
A) nutrition program for young children.
B) educational program for young children.
C) program for training kindergarten and elementary school teachers.
D) parenting education program.

Accepted Answer

The Reggio Emilia approach is an educational program for young children, developed in the town of Reggio Emilia, Italy. It emphasizes child-led exploration, project-based learning, and a strong partnership between teachers, children, and parents.

Question 5

Toby is three years old. His parents are concerned because he always runs and jumps around. He cannot sit still. Even when watching his favorite cartoon on TV, he fidgets and wiggles. It is especially frustrating for his parents when Toby does not sit still through dinner. Which of the following should Toby's parents do?
A) They should have him tested for attention deficit disorder.
B) They should enroll him in a behavior modification program.
C) They should provide structured and cognitively challenging activities for Toby to develop his attention span.
D) They should avoid panicking as Toby's behavior is normal for kids in his age group.

Accepted Answer

Toby's behavior is normal for kids his age, so there is no need for his parents to panic or take any drastic measures. It is important for Toby's parents to be patient and continue providing a supportive environment for him to develop his attention span naturally over time.

Question 6

Studies by Powers and Dodd in 2017 and Powers and Howley in 2018 show that a child's life should center around ________.
A) meals
B) activities
C) discipline
D) education

Accepted Answer

The studies by Powers and Dodd (2017) and Powers and Howley (2018) emphasize the importance of activities in a child's life, suggesting that engaging in various activities is crucial for their development and well-being.

Question 7

Jim, a 3-year-old boy, gets a box of colorful blocks as a birthday gift from his uncle. He is excited to see the gift and demands to play with the blocks immediately. In the context of physical and cognitive development in early childhood, when playing with the blocks, Jim is most likely to
A) place each block on top of the other with intense concentration.
B) stack each block on top of the other in a completely straight line.
C) find it impossible to pick up the blocks.
D) juggle all the blocks perfectly.

Accepted Answer

At the age of 3, Jim's fine motor skills are developed enough to pick up the blocks and manipulate them, but not refined enough to stack them in a completely straight line. He is also beginning to develop concentration skills, which would allow him to focus on stacking each block on top of the other with intense concentration. Juggling is a complex skill that is not typically developed at this age.

Question 8

A review of the height and weight of children around the world concluded that there are
A) congenital differences.
B) ethnic differences among them.
C) no visible differences.
D) cases of hyperthyroidism.

Accepted Answer

The review concluded that there are ethnic differences among children's height and weight around the world. This suggests that genetics and cultural factors may play a role in these differences. The other options are not supported by the given information.

Question 9

Scientists have discovered that there ________ the brains of children in the 3- to 15-year age range.
A) are dramatic changes in local patterns within
B) are phenomenal increases in the overall size of
C) are insignificant anatomical changes in
D) are hardly any internal metamorphisms within

Accepted Answer

The sentence states that "there are dramatic changes in local patterns within the brains of children in the 3- to 15-year age range." This means that option A is the best choice as it directly reflects the information given in the sentence. Options B, C, and D are not accurate as they either describe increases that are not mentioned or suggest minimal changes that are contradicted by the sentence.

Question 10

By the end of early childhood, girls have more ________ tissue than boys.
A) fatty
B) muscle
C) epithelial
D) nervous

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that girls tend to have a higher percentage of body fat than boys by the end of early childhood. This is likely due to hormonal differences between the sexes.

Question 11

Fred and Wayne are 4-year-olds. When they are together, they often wrestle, run, race, push, and shove each other. Although their activities often aggravate their parents, these activities will
A) help the boys develop their gross motor skills.
B) stop when their brains become better myelinated.
C) be temporary as they will not be friends for long.
D) help the boys overcome narcolepsy.

Accepted Answer

Wrestling, running, racing, pushing, and shoving all require the use of large muscle groups and help to develop gross motor skills such as balance, coordination, and strength. While these activities may be frustrating for parents, they are a natural part of young children's play and development.

Question 12

Identify a characteristic of autobiographical memory.
A) It pertains to information acquired during adolescence rather than childhood.
B) It allows people to do routine work without requiring conscious thought.
C) It involves memory of significant events and experiences in one's life.
D) It refers to information that is retained for up to 30 seconds if it is not rehearsed.

Accepted Answer

Autobiographical memory involves remembering significant events and experiences in one's life, such as graduations, weddings, and birthdays. It is a form of long-term memory that is closely linked to personal identity and sense of self. A and D are incorrect because autobiographical memory can span from childhood into adulthood and lasts much longer than 30 seconds. B is incorrect because it describes procedural memory, not autobiographical memory.

Question 13

Researchers have found that in children from 3 to 6 years of age the most rapid growth takes place in the ________ lobe areas of the brain.
A) temporal
B) parietal
C) frontal
D) occipital

Accepted Answer

The frontal lobe is responsible for cognitive functions like decision-making, problem-solving, and planning, which are essential for a child's growth and development. The other lobes also play important roles, but studies show that the frontal lobe experiences the most significant growth spurts during early childhood.

Question 14

________ involves an increase in the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system during brain development in children between the ages of 3 and 5.
A) Centration
B) Myelination
C) Tropism
D) Neurogenesis

Accepted Answer

Myelination involves the formation of a fatty sheath around nerve fibers, which increases the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system. This process is particularly active during brain development in children between the ages of 3 and 5. Centration refers to the tendency of young children to focus only on one aspect of a situation, while tropism refers to a plant's response to external stimuli, and neurogenesis refers to the growth and development of new neurons.

Question 15

Debra is a very active child. She loves to tumble and show off. She always tries, what her parents consider, hair-raising stunts. She also loves running and believes she can run faster than her parents. This type of activity level and confidence is most characteristic of
A) 1-year-olds.
B) 2-year-olds.
C) 3-year-olds.
D) 5-year-olds.

Accepted Answer

Five-year-olds typically have high energy levels and confidence, often engaging in physical activities and stunts, and they enjoy showing off their skills.

Question 16

Sandra is informed by a pediatrician that her four-year-old son, Manuel, has gained six pounds over the last one year. Sandra should
A) be alarmed because Manuel has gained a lot of weight.
B) be concerned because Manuel has gained less weight.
C) be positive and change Manuel's diet.
D) be content that this is normal for Manuel's age.

Accepted Answer

It is normal for young children to gain weight as they grow and develop. A gain of six pounds in one year for a four-year-old is within the expected range of weight gain. Thus, Sandra should be content that this is normal for Manuel's age.

Question 17

Who among the following five-year-olds is most likely to be the tallest?
A) Timothy who is a White, urban, middle-socioeconomic-status, later-born boy
B) Tina who is a White, urban, middle-socioeconomic-status, firstborn girl
C) Tyrone who is an African American, urban, middle-socioeconomic-status, firstborn boy.
D) Tucker who is an African American, rural, lower-socioeconomic-status, later-born boy.

Accepted Answer

Firstborn children often have a slight advantage in physical growth in early childhood due to receiving more nutritional and parental resources before the arrival of siblings. Additionally, on average, boys are slightly taller than girls at the age of five. Tyrone's characteristics align with these trends, making him the most likely to be the tallest among the options provided.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about brain development and early childhood is true?
A) The development that occurs inside the brain ends at the onset of adolescence.
B) By the time a child is 3 years of age, the brain is 25 percent of its adult size.
C) By age 6, the brain has reached about 95 percent of its adult size.
D) The brain of a five-year-old is 60 percent the size of an adult brain.

Accepted Answer

Research shows that by the age of 6, the brain has reached about 95% of its adult size. While brain development continues throughout the lifespan, the majority of growth and development occurs in early childhood, with the brain reaching about 80% of its adult size by age 3. Option A is false as brain development continues even after adolescence. Option B is incorrect as the brain is about 80% of its adult size by age 3, not 25%. Option D is incorrect as the brain of a five-year-old is about 90% of its adult size, not 60%.

Question 19

Irene is a 3-year-old girl. Her father takes her to a nearby park in the evening. In the context of the development of gross motor skills in children her age, identify an activity that Irene is mostly likely to do at the park.
A) She will hop and jump just for the sheer delight of performing these activities.
B) She will scramble over low jungle gyms to display her athletic prowess.
C) She will perform hair-raising stunts on all climbing objects.
D) She will run hard and enjoy races with her father and other children.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Irene is a 3-year-old girl. Her father...

Question 20

What are the two most important contributors to height differences among children all over the world?
A) nationality and culture
B) education and exercise
C) prenatal care and emotional challenges
D) ethnic origin and nutrition

Accepted Answer

Ethnic origin and nutrition are the two most important contributors to height differences among children all over the world. Ethnic origin can determine genetic factors and typical height of a population, while nutrition is crucial for proper growth and development during childhood.

Quiz 5: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

________ is a process by which the nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells.

When 4- and 5-year-olds scramble over jungle gyms and race their friends, they demonstrate their

During early childhood, girls are ________ than boys.

The Reggio Emilia approach is a(n)

Studies by Powers and Dodd in 2017 and Powers and Howley in 2018 show that a child's life should center around ________.

Jim, a 3-year-old boy, gets a box of colorful blocks as a birthday gift from his uncle. He is excited to see the gift and demands to play with the blocks immediately. In the context of physical and cognitive development in early childhood, when playing with the blocks, Jim is most likely to

A review of the height and weight of children around the world concluded that there are

Scientists have discovered that there ________ the brains of children in the 3- to 15-year age range.

By the end of early childhood, girls have more ________ tissue than boys.

Fred and Wayne are 4-year-olds. When they are together, they often wrestle, run, race, push, and shove each other. Although their activities often aggravate their parents, these activities will

Identify a characteristic of autobiographical memory.

Researchers have found that in children from 3 to 6 years of age the most rapid growth takes place in the ________ lobe areas of the brain.

________ involves an increase in the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system during brain development in children between the ages of 3 and 5.

Debra is a very active child. She loves to tumble and show off. She always tries, what her parents consider, hair-raising stunts. She also loves running and believes she can run faster than her parents. This type of activity level and confidence is most characteristic of

Sandra is informed by a pediatrician that her four-year-old son, Manuel, has gained six pounds over the last one year. Sandra should

Who among the following five-year-olds is most likely to be the tallest?

Which of the following statements about brain development and early childhood is true?

Irene is a 3-year-old girl. Her father takes her to a nearby park in the evening. In the context of the development of gross motor skills in children her age, identify an activity that Irene is mostly likely to do at the park.

What are the two most important contributors to height differences among children all over the world?