Question 1

In contrast to the earliest cities, industrial cities were characterized by impersonal and specialized relationships with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values. Tӧnnies's term for this is___________ .

Accepted Answer

Tönnies's term for the impersonal and specialized relationships of industrial cities with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values is Gesellschaft. Gemeinschaft, on the other hand, refers to traditional, rural communities characterized by strong social bonds and a sense of community. Bureaucracy is a system of organization designed to ensure efficiency, while autocracy is a system of government where one person has unlimited power.

Question 2

In Burgess's concentric zone model,___________ is a ring of small cities and towns populated by persons who commute to the central city to work and by wealthy people living on estates.

Accepted Answer

Zone 5 in Burgess's concentric zone model is described as the commuter zone, which includes a ring of small cities and towns. People living in this zone typically commute to the central city for work, and it also includes areas where wealthy individuals might live on large estates.

Question 3

___________refers to the ecological process involved in the concentric zone model in which a new category of people or type of land use arrives in an area previously occupied by another group or land use.

Accepted Answer

Invasion refers to the process where a new group or type of land use enters an area previously occupied by another, often leading to changes in the social and physical environment.

Question 4

___________is the study of the relationship between people and their physical environment.

Accepted Answer

Human ecology is the study of how human beings interact with their physical environment, including natural resources, built environments, and social environments. This field explores how environmental factors such as climate, geography, and resources affect human behavior and social organization. It also examines how human activities impact the natural world and how people can create sustainable relationships with their environments. Demography is the study of population trends, while urban sociology focuses on the social organization of urban areas. Physical sociology examines the influence of physical structures and objects on social behavior.

Question 5

According to the ___________developed by urban sociologists Harris and Ullman, cities do not have one center from which all growth radiates, but rather have numerous centers of development based on specific urban needs or activities.

Accepted Answer

The multiple nuclei model, developed by Harris and Ullman, describes urban growth as occurring around multiple, distinct centers based on specific functions or activities. It contrasts with the concentric zone model, which proposes that cities grow outward from a central business district in concentric rings, and the sector model, which suggests that cities develop along transportation routes or other key economic sectors. Social area analysis is a research method used to examine patterns of social and spatial segregation within cities, but is not a model of urban growth.

Question 6

Which of these is not one of the factors noted in the text for limiting the size of preindustrial cities?

Accepted Answer

The text notes that crowded housing conditions, inadequate sewage facilities, and limited food supplies were factors that limited the size of preindustrial cities. It also notes that the difficulty of migrating to the cities could have been a limiting factor. However, there is no mention of a lack of a sense of community identity as a factor that limited the size of preindustrial cities.

Question 7

Emile Durkheim applied the term___________ to bonds based on a simple division of labor and shared religious beliefs such as are found in small agrarian societies.

Accepted Answer

Emile Durkheim applied the term "mechanical solidarity" to bonds based on a simple division of labor and shared religious beliefs, which are found in small agrarian societies.

Question 8

___________is a subfield of sociology that examines social relationships and political and economic structures in cities.

Accepted Answer

Urban sociology is the subfield of sociology that examines social relationships and political and economic structures in cities. It studies urbanization, urban development, and the social problems associated with urban life.

Question 9

Ecological models of city growth, human ecology, and social area analysis all pertain to the___________ within sociology.

Accepted Answer

Ecological models of city growth, human ecology, and social area analysis are concepts that pertain to the functionalist theory within sociology. This perspective focuses on how different parts of society function together to maintain stability and order, and these models analyze how spatial and environmental factors influence social organization.

Question 10

Two hundred years ago, about 3 percent of the world's population lived in cities, compared with ___________today.

Accepted Answer

According to the United Nations, as of 2018, more than 55 percent of the world's population lives in urban areas, making the best choice D.

Question 11

According to sociologist Ferdinand Tӧnnies, many preindustrial cities could be described as being___________ , a society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability.

Accepted Answer

Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the terms Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft to describe two different types of societies. Gemeinschaft refers to a traditional society based on personal bonds, while Gesellschaft refers to a modern society based on formal relationships and individualism. Preindustrial cities were often characterized by Gemeinschaft, making choice A the best answer.

Question 12

Urban ecologist Hoyt examined the layouts of 142 cities and concluded that different types of terrain as well as transportation routes are important factors in how a city is organized. This led to the creation of the for ___________the growth of cities.

Accepted Answer

Hoyt's sector model suggests that cities develop in sectors or wedges along transportation routes and terrain, rather than in concentric circles.

Question 13

___________argue that gentrification creates additional hardships for the poor by depleting the amount of affordable housing available and by "pushing" them out of city neighborhoods.

Accepted Answer

Conflict theorists argue that gentrification results in the displacement of the poor by raising property values and making housing less affordable. This phenomenon is seen as a product of the struggle for resources between different social classes, where the wealthy and middle classes have more power to shape urban development than the poor. Conflict theorists point out that while gentrification may bring economic growth to a particular area, it often comes at the expense of the marginalized populations.

Question 14

___________is the process by which a new category of people or type of land use gradually predominates in an area formerly dominated by another group or activity.

Accepted Answer

Succession refers to the gradual process by which a new category of people or type of land use takes over an area that was once dominated by another group or activity. This can happen through a variety of factors, such as changing economic conditions, shifting demographic patterns, or deliberate planning and development efforts. Succession is a natural and ongoing process of urban change that can have significant impacts on the social, economic, and physical characteristics of a neighborhood or city.

Question 15

The largest preindustrial city was ___________.

Accepted Answer

Rome, at its peak, was the largest preindustrial city with estimates of its population reaching over 1 million people by the first century BCE. Other cities like Athens, Babylon, and Jericho, while significant in their own right, did not reach the population size or urban sprawl of ancient Rome during the same period.

Question 16

When single-family residences are sold and turned into apartments, the remaining single-family owners often move out because the "old" neighborhood has changed. This is an example of___________ having occurred.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of succession, which refers to the process by which one group in a community is replaced by another group over time, often changing the character and social dynamics of the area.

Question 17

When members of the middle and upper-middle classes, usually whites, move into the central city area and renovate existing properties, this is termed ___________.

Accepted Answer

Gentrification refers to the process of middle and upper-middle-class residents, often white, moving into a central city area and renovating existing properties, leading to an increase in property values and a change in the neighborhood's character. Invasion refers to the process of outside groups, usually minorities, moving into an established neighborhood. Succession is the replacement of one group by another, often referring to the replacement of one ethnic or racial group by another in a neighborhood. Diffusion is the spread of an idea, culture, or characteristic from one place to another.

Question 18

Applying his preconditions for the development of cities, sociologist Gideon Sjoberg places the first cities in __________.

Accepted Answer

Gideon Sjoberg's preconditions for the development of cities include a surplus of food, a centralized government, and the division of labor. Mesopotamia, specifically the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, is considered to be the birthplace of the first cities, including Uruk and Ur.

Question 19

Durkheim's concept of___________ is characterized by interdependence based on the elaborate division of labor found in large, urban societies.

Accepted Answer

Durkheim's concept of organic solidarity is based on interdependence in large, urban societies that is characterized by the elaborate division of labor. This type of solidarity is focused on individuals being connected through their dependence on each other's specialized skills and services, rather than on a shared sense of morality or tradition.

Question 20

Lower-middle-class families move from the city into suburbs more recently occupied by upper-middle-class families. This is an example of the concept of___________ .

Accepted Answer

This is an example of "invasion," where a new group moves into an area previously occupied by another group, often leading to demographic and social changes.

Quiz 15: Population and Urbanization