Question 1

Discuss the perspectives of Simmel, Veblen, Bourdieu, and Blumer on the relationship between fashion and social class.

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Question 2

Describe the stages of development common to many social movements.

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Question 3

___________theory is based on the assumption that a social movement is an interactive, symbolically defined, and negotiated process that involves participants, opponents, and bystanders.

Accepted Answer

The social constructionist theory is based on the assumption that social movements are created through interactive and negotiated processes that involve participants, opponents, and bystanders. It emphasizes the role of symbols and language in shaping social movements and focuses on the ways in which meaning is constructed and contested in social movement campaigns. It is different from the other theories listed as it places less emphasis on structural factors (such as relative deprivation and resource mobilization) and more on the ways in which social reality is constructed and contested.

Question 4

Define social movements as a form of collective behavior, and explain the conditions under which they are most likely to emerge.

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Question 5

Distinguish between crowds and masses as forms of collective behavior.

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Question 6

Social constructionist theorists have identified three ways of framing an issue. A___________ frame presents solutions or remedies based on the target that has been identified.

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A prognostic frame focuses on solutions or remedies for the issue at hand. A diagnostic frame identifies the problem or issue itself, while a motivational frame aims to create a sense of urgency or importance around the issue. A behavioral frame focuses on changing individual behaviors related to the issue.

Question 7

Explain what Kai Erikson meant when he referred to a "new species of trouble" in the form of new forms of environmental problems.

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Question 8

Define mass behavior; describe the most frequent types of this behavior.

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Question 9

___________theory is based on the assumption that participants in social movements make rational decisions about goals and actions and must have some degree of economic and political resources to make the movement a success.

Accepted Answer

Resource mobilization theory emphasizes the importance of resources, including economic and political resources, for the success of social movements. It suggests that individuals make rational decisions about joining and supporting social movements based on the availability of resources and the potential for achieving their goals.

Question 10

As a social movement develops, leaders emerge to organize others and give them a sense of direction. This is the value-added condition of ___________.

Accepted Answer

Mobilization for action refers to the process of organizing and activating individuals or groups to work towards achieving a specific goal. As a social movement develops, leaders emerge who are able to mobilize others and give them direction, which is a key value-added condition. Social control factors refer to the various ways in which society influences and regulates individual behavior. The spread of a generalized belief refers to the process of a belief or idea gaining widespread acceptance and becoming a part of the dominant culture. Structural conduciveness refers to the underlying social, economic, or political conditions that make a social movement possible. While important, none of these factors directly address the role of leadership in organizing and directing a social movement.

Question 11

___________reflects the influence of sociologist Erving Goffman's Frame Analysis, in which he suggests that our interpretation of the particulars of events and activities is dependent on the framework from which we perceive them.

Accepted Answer

The concept of Frame Analysis from sociologist Erving Goffman reflects the core idea behind Social Constructionist Theory, which suggests that our understanding and interpretation of social reality is constructed through language, symbols, and shared meaning within a particular social context. Therefore, the answer to this question is Social Constructionist Theory.

Question 12

To reinforce the existing generalized belief, an inciting incident or dramatic event must occur. This is the ___________condition of value-added theory.

Accepted Answer

The term "precipitating factors" specifically refers to an event or trigger that reinforces an existing belief or sentiment, which aligns with the definition given in the question. The other answer choices may also play a role in value-added theory, but they are not directly related to this specific concept.

Question 13

___________theory takes into account the complexity of social movements and makes it possible to test assertions regarding the necessary and sufficient conditions that produce such movements.

Accepted Answer

The Value-added theory, developed by Neil Smelser, is designed to understand the complexity of social movements by identifying the necessary and sufficient conditions for such movements to arise. This theory breaks down the process into stages and factors, making it possible to test assertions about what leads to the development of social movements.

Question 14

For a movement to develop, there must be a clear statement of the problem and a shared view of its causes, effects, and possible solutions. This illustrates the value-added condition of___________ .

Accepted Answer

The value-added condition of "spread of a generalized belief" refers to the necessity for a movement to have a clear statement of the problem along with a shared understanding of its causes, effects, and potential solutions. This shared belief system is crucial for mobilizing collective action.

Question 15

Environmental justice and ecofeminism are examples of ___________.

Accepted Answer

Environmental justice and ecofeminism are both new social movements, which are grassroots efforts that address societal issues related to equality and social justice. Reform movements typically work within the existing system to make incremental changes, while resistance movements seek to disrupt or overthrow the system entirely. Millenarian movements are typically religious or spiritual movements that seek radical transformation of society in anticipation of the end of the world.

Question 16

From the perspective of political opportunity theory, social movements___________ .

Accepted Answer

Political opportunity theory suggests that social movements are shaped by the interplay between the movements themselves, other organizations, and outside circumstances such as political and economic conditions. Therefore, social movements are interconnected with organizations and circumstances both within and outside mainstream political systems. This theory also emphasizes the importance of favorable political opportunities for social movements to be successful, which can include changes in the political system or policy shifts that create a receptive environment for the movement's goals.

Question 17

Explain Le Bon's contagion theory of collective behavior, including the major criticisms of it.

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Question 18

Contrast collective behavior with other forms of organizational behavior.

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Question 19

Describe Blumer's typology of crowds, including the more recent inclusion of protest crowds.

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Question 20

___________theory focuses on the ability of members of a social movement to acquire resources and mobilize people in order to advance their cause.

Accepted Answer

Resource mobilization theory argues that the ability of a social movement to acquire resources, such as money, people, and media access, and to effectively mobilize those resources, is key to advancing their cause. This theory emphasizes strategic planning and organization as key factors in the success of social movements.

Quiz 16: Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Social Change