Question 1

In psychodynamic theory, the term _____ is descriptive of ideas and feelings that are not available to awareness.

Accepted Answer

In psychodynamic theory, the term "unconscious" is used to describe ideas and feelings that are not available to awareness. "Conscious" refers to thoughts and perceptions that one is currently aware of, "nonconscious" refers to mental processes that occur outside of our conscious awareness but can be brought to awareness, and "preconscious" refers to mental content that is not currently in conscious awareness but can be easily accessed with a little effort or attention.

Question 2

Causes of __________ include anatomical deformities that clog the air passageways, such as a thick palate, and problems in the breathing centers in the brain.

Accepted Answer

The symptoms described in the question are characteristic of sleep apnea, which can be caused by anatomical deformities such as a thick palate or problems in the breathing centers in the brain. Sleep terrors, insomnia, and somnambulism do not have the same underlying causes.

Question 3

Which of the following statements best defines meditation?

Accepted Answer

Meditation is the act of focusing one's consciousness through various techniques (such as mindfulness or visualization) in order to achieve a specific goal, such as reducing stress or increasing overall well-being. It involves altering one's relationship to the world through introspection and mental training, rather than entering an altered state of consciousness where suggestibility is heightened (as in option B). Options A and D refer to response expectancy theory and biofeedback, respectively, neither of which are true definitions of meditation.

Question 4

Larry, a 26-year-old man, often falls asleep suddenly. During these sleep attacks, he falls asleep for around 15 minutes and wakes up feeling refreshed. He also hallucinates that a person is sitting on his chest. In this scenario, Larry is likely suffering from __________.

Accepted Answer

Larry's symptoms of sudden sleep attacks and hallucinations suggest that he is suffering from narcolepsy, a neurological disorder that causes uncontrollable sleep attacks and other symptoms such as hallucinations and sleep paralysis. Insomnia is difficulty falling or staying asleep, sleep terrors involve intense fear and screaming during sleep, and sleep apnea is a condition in which a person's breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep. None of these conditions fully match Larry's symptoms.

Question 5

According to _____, animal magnetism causes a person to be hypnotized.

Accepted Answer

Animal magnetism was a term coined by Franz Mesmer in the 18th century to describe what he believed was a magnetic fluid or force present in all living things that could be channeled to induce healing and altered states of consciousness, including hypnosis.

Question 6

The best individuals for hypnosis are people who ________.

Accepted Answer

People who are prone to fantasy are more likely to respond well to hypnosis, as they have an active imagination and are able to vividly imagine the suggestions given to them during hypnosis. It is not necessarily related to shyness, intelligence, or following instructions.

Question 7

The strength, or energy, of brain waves is expressed in _______.

Accepted Answer

The strength, or energy, of brain waves is typically expressed in volts (V).

Question 8

Jonah is reading a book in a crowded bus. Some boys sitting near him are talking and laughing loudly. Jonah focuses on reading his book and ignores the noise around him. This scenario illustrates an aspect of consciousness called __________.

Accepted Answer

Selective attention is the ability to focus on a particular stimulus while ignoring others. In this scenario, Jonah is able to focus on reading his book while ignoring the noisy environment around him, demonstrating selective attention.

Question 9

Darren is on the way to his university to take an exam. He is disturbed by thoughts of failing because he is not prepared for the exam. However, he pushes away thoughts of failing and focuses on studying. In this scenario, Darren is using _____.

Accepted Answer

Darren is suppressing his thoughts of failing and instead, focusing on studying. Suppression is a conscious effort to push away thoughts or emotions. Repression is an unconscious defense mechanism to keep distressing thoughts, feelings, or memories out of awareness. Free association is a psychoanalytic technique where a person freely shares their thoughts as they come to mind. Systematic desensitization is a therapy technique to reduce anxiety by gradually exposing a person to the feared object or situation.

Question 10

__________ can be used to help people become more aware of muscle tension in the forehead, fingers, and elsewhere and to learn to lower tension, thus decreasing the discomfort and incidence of muscle-tension headaches.

Accepted Answer

The electromyograph (EMG) is a device used to measure muscle tension and can be used to help people become more aware of tension in their muscles, including those in the forehead and fingers, which can contribute to muscle-tension headaches. By learning to lower tension through techniques such as relaxation exercises, individuals can decrease the discomfort and incidence of these headaches. Positron emission tomography, the electroencephalogram, and computed tomography are not relevant to this particular issue.

Question 11

People practice ______ by concentrating on words or sounds that are claimed to help the person achieve an altered state of consciousness.

Accepted Answer

Transcendental meditation involves focusing on a particular word or sound (mantra) to achieve a deep state of relaxation and increased awareness.

Question 12

Which of the following is a difference between sleep terrors and nightmares?

Accepted Answer

Sleep terrors usually occur during the first two sleep cycles of the night, whereas nightmares are more likely to occur toward morning.

Question 13

According to your text, which of the following is NOT a reason for dreaming?

Accepted Answer

Role theory is not associated with dreaming; it is a perspective in sociology and psychology that examines how individuals conform to social roles. The other options are theories that have been proposed to explain aspects of dreaming.

Question 14

__________ are rapid, low-amplitude brain waves that have been linked to feelings of relaxation.

Accepted Answer

Alpha waves are associated with relaxation and are characterized by rapid, low-amplitude brain waves. Beta waves are associated with heightened alertness and cognitive activity, delta waves are associated with deep sleep, and theta waves are associated with drowsiness and daydreaming.

Question 15

__________ refers to focusing one's consciousness on a particular stimulus.

Accepted Answer

Selective attention refers to focusing one's consciousness on a particular stimulus, while countertransference refers to a therapist's emotional reaction to a client, repression refers to the unconscious blocking of unpleasant or traumatic memories, and cognitive dissonance refers to the discomfort or tension that arises from holding two conflicting beliefs or values.

Question 16

During which of the following are you most likely to experience hypnagogic hallucinations?

Accepted Answer

Hypnagogic hallucinations occur during the transitional period between wakefulness and non-rapid eye movement sleep, which is the state of sleep that occurs before entering into deep sleep. This transitional period is called hypnagogia, and it is when hypnagogic hallucinations occur. Therefore, the most likely answer is choice C, non-rapid eye movement sleep.

Question 17

People with frequent nightmares:

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that there is a correlation between frequent nightmares and higher levels of anxiety and depression. Therefore, option C is the best choice. Option A is not necessarily true for all individuals with frequent nightmares, as they may or may not have difficulty falling or staying asleep. Option B is not supported by research, as frequent nightmares typically involve vivid and disturbing images. Option D is not always true, as nightmares can occur during any stage of sleep.

Question 18

During rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, __________ tend to inhibit activity.

Accepted Answer

During REM sleep, neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine inhibit activity in the motor nerves, leading to temporary paralysis or relaxation of the muscles, except for the muscles involved in eye movements and breathing. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and perfluorinated compounds are not relevant to REM sleep.

Question 19

Stewart is a chain smoker and a nicotine addict. Due to excessive cigarette smoking, he has developed lung cancer. In this scenario, which of the following chemical compounds is likely to have caused lung cancer?

Accepted Answer

Hydrocarbons are present in cigarette smoke and are known to cause lung cancer when inhaled repeatedly. Opioids, barbiturates, and amphetamines are drugs but are not linked to the development of lung cancer.

Question 20

People withdrawing from chronic alcohol use may experience __________ with heavy sweating, restlessness, disorientation, and frightening hallucinations.

Accepted Answer

Delirium tremens (DTs) is a severe form of alcohol withdrawal characterized by intense symptoms such as heavy sweating, restlessness, disorientation, and frightening hallucinations. It can be life-threatening and should be treated immediately. Kleptomania, cyclothymic disorder, and pyromania are not associated with alcohol withdrawal.

Quiz 4: Consciousness