Steve Is a New Employee at Regency Inc

Steve is a new employee at Regency Inc. He wants to work for the company, but he has no desire to join the union or even consider the possibility of becoming a member in the future. Which security provision of union membership is most suitable for Steve?

A) a closed shop provision, because it gives an employee the right to participate in decision making without becoming a member
B) a maintenance of membership provision, because it allows employees to join the union as passive members
C) a union shop provision, because it helps an employee use indirect influence to affect management-union contracts
D) an agency shop provision, because it requires employees to pay union dues but does not force them to become members
E) a checkoff provision, because it requires all the employees of an organization to join the union, regardless of their preferences