Question 1

With which of these statements would most psychology researchers agree?

Accepted Answer

While many animals can communicate and some can understand elements of language, humans are unique in their ability to use complex language with syntax and grammar.

Question 2

You are talking to your mother, telling her that you have been working hard and that you need to e-mail a completed assignment to your professor. You accidentally say, "I have to e-mail my professor to my assignment." This is an error of ______.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of an exchange error, where two elements (in this case, the objects of the sentence) are swapped in the speaker's utterance.

Question 3

Your friend is telling you a story about Tom. She says, "Tom proposed to his girlfriend last night. She said yes!" You assume that "she" refers to Tom's girlfriend because of ______ inference.

Accepted Answer

Anaphoric inference refers to using context to understand the meaning of a word or phrase. In this case, "she" is referring back to the previous mention of Tom's girlfriend, making it an example of anaphoric inference.

Question 4

In language development, language ______ typically lags behind language ______.

Accepted Answer

In language development, children typically have a better understanding of language (comprehension) than their ability to use it (production). It is typical for children to understand and recognize words and sentences before they are able to produce them accurately. This is why option B - production lagging behind comprehension - is the best choice.

Question 5

While sitting in class listening to your professor's lecture, a student sneezes. Miraculously, you still understand the point the professor was attempting to make. This illustrates ______.

Accepted Answer

The phoneme restoration effect explains how people can understand spoken words even if part of the speech signal is missing, as our brains can fill in the missing information based on the context of the sentence and our past experiences. This is why you could still understand the professor's point despite the interruption caused by the sneeze.

Question 6

Your textbook states that Sarah the chimpanzee "had a 'reading' and 'writing' vocabulary of nearly 130 words." Why are the words "reading" and "writing" in quotation marks?

Accepted Answer

The words "reading" and "writing" are in quotation marks to indicate that Sarah's ability to understand and create written language is not the same as that of humans. While she had a vocabulary of nearly 130 words, it is unlikely she could fully comprehend complex written messages or create sophisticated written compositions.

Question 7

In trying to say the tongue twister "She sells sea shells by the seashore", you accidentally say, "She shells she shells by the seashore." This is an error of ______.

Accepted Answer

The error involves adding an extra "she" in the phrase, which is an addition error.

Question 8

You are watching the news, and you recognize a famous politician from several other newscasts. You insist that you know her name, but you just cannot remember it. This is known as the ______ state.

Accepted Answer

The tip-of-the-tongue state is a common phenomenon where a person is unable to recall a specific word or piece of information, despite knowing that they know it. In this scenario, the person recognizes the politician and knows that they have seen her before, but cannot recall her name.

Question 9

DeCasper et al. (1994) found that fetuses could distinguish between old and new stories in the womb. The researchers measured this through ______.

Accepted Answer

DeCasper et al. (1994) measured fetal discrimination of old and new stories in the womb through changes in fetal heart rate.

Question 10

What do dogs' communication methods and songbirds' communication methods have in common?

Accepted Answer

Both dogs and songbirds can make sounds that indicate danger, such as barking or alarm calls.

Question 11

Which of these feats was Alex the African grey parrot capable of?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of these feats was Alex the...

Question 12

What was especially unusual about Loulis the chimpanzee's communication abilities?

Accepted Answer

Loulis was unique because he learned sign language from other chimpanzees, specifically from Washoe, a chimpanzee who had been taught American Sign Language (ASL) by humans. This was significant because it demonstrated that non-human primates could learn complex communication systems from each other, not just from humans.

Question 13

According to Hockett, what do bee dances and human speech have in common?

Accepted Answer

Hockett argues that both bee dances and human speech can use one-of-a-kind combinations, or what he calls "productive uniqueness." This means that both systems are capable of creating and conveying meaning through combinations of elements that have never been used before, allowing for an essentially infinite range of possible messages.

Question 14

Chomsky contended that there is a difference between ______ structure, which comes from phrase structure rules, and ______ structure, the linear order that we produce

Accepted Answer

Chomsky's theory proposes two levels of structure in language: deep structure and surface structure. Deep structure is the underlying meaning of a sentence, while surface structure is the order in which the words are actually spoken or written. Chomsky believed that deep structure is generated by phrase structure rules, while surface structure is created by transformations applied to deep structure. Therefore, the correct answer is A, deep structure and surface structure.

Question 15

An issue in language comprehension due to variation in how phonemes are produced is known as ______.

Accepted Answer

The invariance problem refers to the issue in language comprehension due to variation in how phonemes are produced.

Question 16

A dictionary is arranged in alphabetical order. It seems as though our mental lexicon is organized primarily according to ______.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that our mental lexicon, or the mental dictionary that contains all of our known words, is primarily organized according to the frequency of use. This means that the words we use most often tend to be more easily accessible in our minds. This is also why some words may be easier to recall than others, because they have been used more frequently and are therefore more salient in our mental lexicon.

Question 17

According to the ______ approach, we construct one syntactic structure based on a set of parsing principles that focus on syntactic information alone.

Accepted Answer

The syntax-first approach is based on the idea that syntactic information is more fundamental than semantic information, and therefore, it should be the starting point for parsing. This approach suggests that we construct one syntactic structure based on parsing principles that focus on syntactic information alone.

Question 18

Which animal demonstrates a "language" that may be closest to that of humans?

Accepted Answer

Songbirds have complex vocalizations that involve syntax, grammar, and the ability to create new phrases. This suggests a level of communication that is much closer to human language than that of other animals. Domesticated dogs and cats also show some level of communication with humans, but it is not as complex as that of songbirds. Mice do not demonstrate a language at all.

Question 19

According to Garrod and Pickering (2004), the mechanism through which alignment of the phonological, syntactic, semantic, and situational models occurs is ______.

Accepted Answer

Garrod and Pickering (2004) proposed that alignment of the various models occurs through priming, which involves the activation of related concepts, words, or structures in memory. Priming facilitates the integration of information across the different models and helps to establish common ground between interlocutors during conversation.

Question 20

According to Garrett et al. (1975, 1988, 1989), language production proceeds through a series of processes: ______, ______, and ______.

Accepted Answer

Garrett et al. propose that language production begins with conceptualization, in which an idea is formed in the speaker's mind. This is followed by formulation, in which the idea is put into linguistic form, and finally, articulation, in which the linguistic form is physically produced as speech. Choice A is incorrect as syntax is a crucial part of formulation. Choice B is incorrect as functionalization is not mentioned in Garrett et al.'s model. Choice D is incorrect as speech segmentation is not one of the proposed processes.

Quiz 9: Language

With which of these statements would most psychology researchers agree?

You are talking to your mother, telling her that you have been working hard and that you need to e-mail a completed assignment to your professor. You accidentally say, "I have to e-mail my professor to my assignment." This is an error of ______.

Your friend is telling you a story about Tom. She says, "Tom proposed to his girlfriend last night. She said yes!" You assume that "she" refers to Tom's girlfriend because of ______ inference.

In language development, language typically lags behind language .

While sitting in class listening to your professor's lecture, a student sneezes. Miraculously, you still understand the point the professor was attempting to make. This illustrates ______.

Your textbook states that Sarah the chimpanzee "had a 'reading' and 'writing' vocabulary of nearly 130 words." Why are the words "reading" and "writing" in quotation marks?

In trying to say the tongue twister "She sells sea shells by the seashore", you accidentally say, "She shells she shells by the seashore." This is an error of ______.

You are watching the news, and you recognize a famous politician from several other newscasts. You insist that you know her name, but you just cannot remember it. This is known as the ______ state.

DeCasper et al. (1994) found that fetuses could distinguish between old and new stories in the womb. The researchers measured this through ______.

What do dogs' communication methods and songbirds' communication methods have in common?

Which of these feats was Alex the African grey parrot capable of?

What was especially unusual about Loulis the chimpanzee's communication abilities?

According to Hockett, what do bee dances and human speech have in common?

Chomsky contended that there is a difference between structure, which comes from phrase structure rules, and structure, the linear order that we produce

An issue in language comprehension due to variation in how phonemes are produced is known as ______.

A dictionary is arranged in alphabetical order. It seems as though our mental lexicon is organized primarily according to ______.

According to the ______ approach, we construct one syntactic structure based on a set of parsing principles that focus on syntactic information alone.

Which animal demonstrates a "language" that may be closest to that of humans?

According to Garrod and Pickering (2004) , the mechanism through which alignment of the phonological, syntactic, semantic, and situational models occurs is ______.

According to Garrett et al. (1975, 1988, 1989) , language production proceeds through a series of processes: , , and __.

Quiz 9: Language

With which of these statements would most psychology researchers agree?

You are talking to your mother, telling her that you have been working hard and that you need to e-mail a completed assignment to your professor. You accidentally say, "I have to e-mail my professor to my assignment." This is an error of ______.

Your friend is telling you a story about Tom. She says, "Tom proposed to his girlfriend last night. She said yes!" You assume that "she" refers to Tom's girlfriend because of ______ inference.

In language development, language ______ typically lags behind language ______.

While sitting in class listening to your professor's lecture, a student sneezes. Miraculously, you still understand the point the professor was attempting to make. This illustrates ______.

Your textbook states that Sarah the chimpanzee "had a 'reading' and 'writing' vocabulary of nearly 130 words." Why are the words "reading" and "writing" in quotation marks?

In trying to say the tongue twister "She sells sea shells by the seashore", you accidentally say, "She shells she shells by the seashore." This is an error of ______.

You are watching the news, and you recognize a famous politician from several other newscasts. You insist that you know her name, but you just cannot remember it. This is known as the ______ state.

DeCasper et al. (1994) found that fetuses could distinguish between old and new stories in the womb. The researchers measured this through ______.

What do dogs' communication methods and songbirds' communication methods have in common?

Which of these feats was Alex the African grey parrot capable of?

What was especially unusual about Loulis the chimpanzee's communication abilities?

According to Hockett, what do bee dances and human speech have in common?

Chomsky contended that there is a difference between ______ structure, which comes from phrase structure rules, and ______ structure, the linear order that we produce

An issue in language comprehension due to variation in how phonemes are produced is known as ______.

A dictionary is arranged in alphabetical order. It seems as though our mental lexicon is organized primarily according to ______.

According to the ______ approach, we construct one syntactic structure based on a set of parsing principles that focus on syntactic information alone.

Which animal demonstrates a "language" that may be closest to that of humans?

According to Garrod and Pickering (2004) , the mechanism through which alignment of the phonological, syntactic, semantic, and situational models occurs is ______.

According to Garrett et al. (1975, 1988, 1989) , language production proceeds through a series of processes: ______, ______, and ______.

In language development, language typically lags behind language .

Chomsky contended that there is a difference between structure, which comes from phrase structure rules, and structure, the linear order that we produce

According to Garrett et al. (1975, 1988, 1989) , language production proceeds through a series of processes: , , and __.