Question 1

Haidt's intuitionist perspective highlights the impact of automatic gut-level feelings on

Accepted Answer

Haidt's intuitionist perspective focuses on the idea that moral judgments are primarily driven by automatic gut-level feelings or intuitions, rather than conscious reasoning. This suggests that our moral judgments are much more influenced by our emotions than we may realize.

Question 2

According to Erikson, teens who suffer role confusion have not yet

Accepted Answer

Erikson believed that during adolescence, individuals experience a psychosocial crisis related to their sense of identity. Those who successfully navigate this crisis develop a solid sense of self and a clear understanding of their place in the world. However, those who do not experience role confusion and may struggle with issues of self-identity and purpose. Therefore, the correct answer is D.

Question 3

The corrupt behavior of many ordinary people who served as Nazi concentration camp guards best illustrates that immorality often results from

Accepted Answer

The corrupt behavior of many ordinary people who served as Nazi concentration camp guards was due to the social influence and pressure of their surroundings rather than abnormal cognitive development or a postconventional moral thinking. The power of conformity and obedience to authority played a significant role in their immoral actions.

Question 4

According to Erikson, trust is to infancy as identity is to

Accepted Answer

Erikson believed that the primary psychosocial task of adolescence is the establishment of a clear and coherent sense of identity. Trust is the primary psychosocial task of infancy but is not the answer to this question. Childhood and adulthood may have their own unique psychosocial tasks, but they are not directly related to the concept of identity formation as adolescence.

Question 5

Juanita suffers from a painful back condition. Smoking marijuana would reduce her pain, but she thinks it would be wrong because it is prohibited by the laws of her state. Juanita is demonstrating Kohlberg's ________ level of morality.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Juanita suffers from a painful back condition....

Question 6

According to Erikson, achieving a sense of identity is the special task of the

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development states that the special task of adolescence is to achieve a sense of identity, which involves developing a stable sense of self, a sense of personal identity, and a sense of future direction. This is why adolescence is often seen as a crucial period in which individuals explore different roles, values, and beliefs, in order to establish a cohesive sense of identity. While young children may also undergo important developmental changes related to identity (such as forming attachments and developing a sense of trust in others), identity achievement is not a primary task until adolescence.

Question 7

Erikson would have suggested that adolescents can most effectively develop a sense of identity by

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, adolescence is characterized by the stage of identity vs. role confusion. During this stage, individuals explore different roles and identities in order to develop a sense of who they are as individuals. Investigating the personal suitability of various occupational and social roles is one of the primary ways in which adolescents can successfully navigate this stage and ultimately develop a strong sense of identity. This involves exploring different options and weighing their personal values, interests, and abilities to determine what kind of future they want for themselves. It is not recommended to adopt whatever values and expectations their parents recommend, as this would not allow the individual to fully explore and determine their own identity.

Question 8

An awareness of your distinctive status as an international student in a university far from your homeland best illustrates a sense of

Accepted Answer

Social identity refers to the way individuals define themselves in relation to the social groups with which they identify. As an international student, your social identity would be characterized by your unique status as someone from another country studying at a university far from home. This would likely impact your experiences and interactions with others, as you navigate cultural differences and establish yourself in a new environment. Stranger anxiety refers specifically to the discomfort and anxiety that can arise from interacting with unfamiliar people or environments. Postconventional morality refers to an advanced level of moral reasoning that goes beyond conventional rules and laws. Insecure attachment refers to a psychological pattern characterized by difficulty forming and maintaining personal relationships. While international students may experience some level of stranger anxiety, this would not fully capture the nuances of their social identity in a new cultural context.

Question 9

According to Kohlberg, postconventional morality involves

Accepted Answer

Postconventional morality, the highest level of moral reasoning, is characterized by the individual's affirmation of self-defined ethical principles. These principles may include a commitment to justice or the greater good, and the individual may even take action against the law or societal norms in order to adhere to these principles. It is not based solely on self-interest or social approval, and it may involve questioning or resisting authority figures if they are perceived to be acting unjustly.

Question 10

Laboratory games reveal that people's desire to punish wrongdoings is driven mostly by automatic emotional reactions rather than by deliberate conscious calculations that punishment will deter crime. This most clearly supports the ________ perspective on morality.

Accepted Answer

The intuitionist perspective on morality emphasizes the role of automatic emotional reactions, rather than deliberate conscious calculations, in driving moral judgments and behavior. The laboratory games described in the passage provide support for this perspective by demonstrating that people's desire to punish wrongdoings is primarily driven by automatic emotional reactions.

Question 11

Mr. Lambers refuses to pay income taxes because his conscience will not allow him to support a government that spends billions of dollars on military weapons. Mr. Lambers' reasoning best illustrates Kohlberg's ________ stage.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's postconventional stage is characterized by an individual's recognition of abstract principles of justice and morality that supersede the laws and norms of society. Mr. Lambers' refusal to pay taxes due to his moral convictions is consistent with this stage, as he is following a personal moral code rather than simply obeying the laws of the government.

Question 12

Learning to delay gratification promotes

Accepted Answer

The answer of Learning to delay gratification promotes
...

Question 13

Regis thinks it's wrong to drive over the speed limit simply because he might get punished for doing so. He is demonstrating Kohlberg's ________ stage of morality.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Regis thinks it's wrong to drive over...

Question 14

Psychologist Jonathan Haidt has described our moral intuitions as

Accepted Answer

Jonathan Haidt has described our moral intuitions as quick gut feelings.

Question 15

Many people would find it more morally repulsive to kill someone by thrusting a knife into his or her body than by shooting him or her with a gun from a distance. This is best explained in terms of

Accepted Answer

Haidt's intuitionist perspective suggests that moral judgments are primarily based on emotional reactions to a situation, rather than a rational analysis of the facts. In this case, the emotional reaction to the act of stabbing someone with a knife may be more intense and repulsive than simply shooting them from a distance, even though both actions result in the same outcome of killing the person.

Question 16

Sixteen-year-old Brenda questions her parents' values but does not fully accept her friends' standards either. Her confusion about what she really wants and values in life suggests that Brenda is struggling with the problem of

Accepted Answer

Brenda's struggle with questioning her values and not fully accepting those of her parents or friends suggests that she is grappling with issues of identity, or who she is as a person and what she believes in.

Question 17

Critics have noted that Kohlberg's ________ level of moral reasoning is culturally limited, appearing mostly among people who prize individualism.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Critics have noted that Kohlberg's ________ level...

Question 18

The "we" aspect of our self-concept that comes from our group membership is our

Accepted Answer

The "we" aspect of our self-concept that comes from our group membership is referred to as our social identity. It is the way in which we define ourselves based on our membership in various social groups, such as our race, ethnicity, gender, religion, and nationality.

Question 19

Avoiding physical punishment is to ________ morality as respecting the laws of society is to ________ morality.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Avoiding physical punishment is to ________ morality...

Question 20

According to Kohlberg, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards represents ________ morality.

Accepted Answer

The preconventional stage of moral development, according to Kohlberg, is characterized by a focus on punishment and reward. In this stage, individuals follow rules to avoid punishment or to obtain rewards. This stage typically occurs in childhood and early adolescence. Therefore, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards represents preconventional morality.

Quiz 15: Adolescence