Question 1

The Tenth Amendment grants states "reserved powers."

Accepted Answer

The Tenth Amendment states that powers not delegated to the federal government and not prohibited to the states are reserved for the states or the people, thus granting states reserved powers.

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the level of compliance of southern states to Brown II?

Accepted Answer

Southern states were actively resistant to Brown II, which called for the desegregation of schools "with all deliberate speed." Many southern states employed various tactics to delay or avoid compliance.

Question 3

Procedural justice means that the result is less important than the procedure if the outcome is just.

Accepted Answer

Procedural justice emphasizes the fairness of the processes that lead to outcomes, not the outcomes themselves.

Question 4

Selective incorporation means that the Supreme Court used the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment selectively to expand the protections within the Bill of Rights to apply to the states.

Accepted Answer

Selective incorporation is the process by which the Supreme Court has applied some provisions of the Bill of Rights to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause. The Court has selectively incorporated protections such as freedom of speech, religion, and the right to a fair trial, but not all provisions of the Bill of Rights.

Question 5

Cases based on gender discrimination have generally been judged based on which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in the workplace, including hiring, firing, promotions, and pay. It is the primary federal law dealing with gender discrimination, and many court cases related to this issue have been judged based on this law.

Question 6

Which second-wave women's rights leader impacted the movement through her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique?

Accepted Answer

Betty Friedan is the author of The Feminine Mystique, which is widely credited with igniting the second-wave women's rights movement in the 1960s. The book challenged the widely held belief that women could only find fulfillment through marriage and motherhood, and instead called for greater opportunities and freedoms for women in all areas of life.

Question 7

The Bill of Rights was originally intended to contain the first 12 amendments to the Constitution.

Accepted Answer

The Bill of Rights was originally intended to contain 12 amendments, but only 10 were ratified by the states and became the Bill of Rights. The two remaining amendments dealt with Congressional pay and apportionment of representatives.

Question 8

The main supporters of a federal Bill of Rights were the Federalists.

Accepted Answer

The main supporters of a federal Bill of Rights were the Anti-Federalists, who were concerned about protecting individual liberties from a potentially oppressive federal government. The Federalists initially opposed adding a Bill of Rights to the Constitution, arguing that the document's structure and limited powers already protected individual rights. However, they eventually acquiesced and supported the inclusion of a Bill of Rights in order to gain the Anti-Federalists' support for ratification of the Constitution.

Question 9

The Bill of Rights was included with the original draft of the Constitution in 1787.

Accepted Answer

The Bill of Rights was not included with the original draft of the Constitution in 1787. It was added in 1791 as the first ten amendments to the Constitution.

Question 10

Which of the following was the most crucial legal component to the second-wave fight for women's rights?

Accepted Answer

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was crucial as it prohibited discrimination based on sex, which was a significant legal victory for the women's rights movement during the second wave.

Question 11

In the case of Gratz v. Bollinger, the Court ruled ______ was/were unconstitutional.

Accepted Answer

In the case of Gratz v. Bollinger, the Court ruled that the University of Michigan's undergraduate admissions office's use of a points system was unconstitutional. The points system was used to award extra points to applicants based on their race, which was seen as a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Court did not rule on the constitutionality of affirmative action itself, however.

Question 12

Alexander Hamilton's concern for "rights not enumerated" would be addressed in the Ninth Amendment to the Constitution.

Accepted Answer

The Ninth Amendment states, "The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people." This amendment was included to address the concern of Alexander Hamilton and others who felt that without it, individuals might assume that they only had the rights specifically listed in the Constitution, rather than all the rights that were not enumerated.

Question 13

In its 1955 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka II decision, the Court ordered compliance with the Brown I case with all "______."

Accepted Answer

The Court ordered compliance with Brown I with "deliberate speed," meaning that desegregation should occur as quickly as possible without causing chaos or unrest.

Question 14

Selective incorporation involves the piecemeal application of individual rights on a case-by-case basis by the Supreme Court over time.

Accepted Answer

Selective incorporation is the process by which the Supreme Court has applied individual rights guaranteed by the Bill of Rights to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause on a case-by-case basis over time.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the ultimate fate of the Equal Rights Amendment?

Accepted Answer

The Equal Rights Amendment was proposed by Congress in 1972 but fell short of ratification by the necessary number of states. Therefore, it was proposed but not ratified.

Question 16

A policy designed to address the consequences of previous discrimination by providing advantages to individuals based upon their identities is defined as ______.

Accepted Answer

Affirmative action is a policy designed to address the consequences of previous discrimination by providing advantages to individuals based upon their identities, such as race or gender, in areas such as education and employment to promote equality and diversity. Assistive policy and administrative law are not directly related to this concept, and "assertive justice" is not a commonly used term.

Question 17

Fundamental rights and freedoms citizens possess and that are protected from unreasonable government are referred to as civil rights.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Fundamental rights and freedoms citizens possess and...

Question 18

The primary mechanism used to incorporate the Bill of Rights to the states is the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution.

Accepted Answer

The primary mechanism used to incorporate the Bill of Rights to the states is the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, not the Fifth Amendment.

Question 19

Which of the following Supreme Court standards applies to gender discrimination?

Accepted Answer

The Supreme Court applies intermediate scrutiny to cases of gender discrimination, meaning that the government must demonstrate that the gender classification serves an important governmental objective and that the classification is substantially related to achieving that objective. This standard is less demanding than strict scrutiny but more demanding than rational basis.

Question 20

In the case of Grutter v. Bollinger, the Court affirmed the possibility of using ______ in admission decisions.

Accepted Answer

Grutter v. Bollinger was a case that dealt with affirmative action in education, specifically in law school admissions at the University of Michigan. The Court's decision affirmed the possibility of using racial and ethnic identity as one of many factors in admission decisions, as long as it was not the sole determining factor. The other options listed (physical and social maturity, entrance exams and interviews, and academic transcripts and essays) were not specifically addressed in this case.

Quiz 4: Civil Liberties and Civil Rights: Building and Defending Fences