Question 1

Sarah has just received her drivers' license and is now ready to drive to school. Although she's never driven to her school before, Sarah knows the way. The fact that Sarah can drive herself to school suggests that __________ has occurred.
A) latent learning
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) classical and operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

Sarah's ability to drive herself to school suggests that latent learning has occurred. Latent learning refers to the acquisition of knowledge or skills that are not immediately expressed in an overt response or behavior. In this case, Sarah had learned the route to school through observation and previous experiences, even though she had not driven it herself before.

Question 2

Bandura conducted a classic study known as the "Bobo" doll study. The term Bobo refers to __________
A) Bandura's pet name for the dog used in the study.
B) Bandura's loyal but strange assistant that carried out the study.
C) Bandura's nickname that his wife had given him.
D) the type of inflatable doll that was used in the study.

Accepted Answer

The term Bobo refers to the type of inflatable doll that was used in the study.

Question 3

Which of the following is the best example of observational learning?
A) Greg hears on the radio that a huge storm is blowing in so he cancels his trip.
B) After several hours of staring at the computer screen, Marley suddenly realizes the solution to the puzzle he is trying to solve.
C) Carey figures out if she doesn't give her boss a hard time, he's a lot nicer to be around.
D) Ingrid swam poorly until she noticed the efficient stroke of the man in the next lane, now her swimming is greatly improved.

Accepted Answer

Observational learning involves learning by observing others and their actions. Ingrid improving her swimming after observing and mimicking the efficient stroke of the man in the next lane is the best example of observational learning. The other options do not involve observation and imitation of others' behavior.

Question 4

Observational learning theory's foremost proponent is __________
A) Watson.
B) Thorndike.
C) Skinner.
D) Bandura.

Accepted Answer

Bandura is considered the foremost proponent of observational learning theory, also known as social learning theory.

Question 5

Albert Bandura's experiments involving the inflated "Bobo Doll" indicate__________
A) observational learning plays a very small role in the acquisition of aggressive behavior.
B) children only model aggression if they see it on television.
C) children will model the aggressive behaviors they see others engage in.
D) children will not model the aggressive behavior they see others engage in.

Accepted Answer

Bandura's experiments involving the inflated "Bobo Doll" demonstrated that children will model the aggressive behaviors they see others engage in.

Question 6

Michael grows up in a home where his father is generally unloving toward his mother. He observes his father yell and degrade his mother, and he notices that his mother never resists this treatment. Based on the work of Bandura, what might we predict about Michael's own relationships when he is older?
A) Michael will probably treat women very well, as he rebels against the behaviors he saw in his father.
B) Michael may treat women with discourtesy and disrespect, as he repeats the behavior he saw in his father.
C) Michael will probably have no relationships with women, as his father has taught him that relationships are not worth having.
D) Michael will always be very distant from his father, as he has learned that his father does not care about anyone but himself.

Accepted Answer

According to Bandura's social learning theory, individuals learn by observing and modeling others' behavior. In this case, Michael has observed his father treating his mother with disrespect, and his mother not resisting this treatment. This may lead Michael to model this behavior in his own relationships, assuming that this is the "right" way to treat women. Thus, choice B is the most likely outcome for Michael's future relationships.

Question 7

If you came home to your apartment in the very early hours of the morning and did not wish to wake your roommate by turning on the lights, you would likely rely upon __________ to aid you in avoiding obstacles in the apartment that might cause injury or noise.
A) modeling
B) a cognitive map
C) latent learning
D) insight learning

Accepted Answer

A cognitive map is a mental representation of a physical space. In this scenario, the individual would rely on their cognitive map of the apartment to navigate in the dark and avoid obstacles. Modeling, latent learning, and insight learning do not apply to this situation.

Question 8

Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act?
A) insight learning
B) operant conditioning
C) classical conditioning
D) observational learning

Accepted Answer

Observational learning occurs when we observe how other people act and learn from their behavior. It involves a process of modeling, where we imitate the behavior of others that we have observed. This type of learning can be particularly powerful when we see someone being rewarded or punished for their behavior, as it influences our motivation to imitate or avoid that behavior.

Question 9

Who is best known for studying the phenomenon of insight in animals?
A) Köhler
B) Tolman
C) Seligman
D) Skinner

Accepted Answer

Wolfgang Köhler is known for studying the phenomenon of insight in animals through his work with chimpanzees at the Prussian Academy of Sciences in the early 1900s.

Question 10

The idea that learning occurs and is stored up, even when behaviors are not reinforced, is called __________
A) insight.
B) latent learning.
C) placebo learning.
D) innate learning.

Accepted Answer

Latent learning refers to learning that occurs without any obvious reinforcement or reward. This concept was first demonstrated in a study involving rats navigating through a maze, where some rats were given a reward for completing the maze while others were not. The rats who were not initially rewarded were able to quickly complete the maze once a reward was introduced, indicating that they had learned the layout of the maze without any reinforcement.

Question 11

Children and adolescents are often enticed into drug use, drinking and sexual behavior by observing these behaviors amongst their friends and acquaintances. Being influenced to exhibit behaviors that one has previously learned to suppress is called the __________
A) elicitation effect.
B) inhibitory effect.
C) disinhibitory effect.
D) vicarious impact effect.

Accepted Answer

The disinhibitory effect refers to the phenomenon of being influenced to exhibit behaviors that one has previously learned to suppress, typically due to observing these behaviors among friends and acquaintances. This can be particularly impactful for children and adolescents who may be more susceptible to peer influence. The elicitation effect refers to being prompted or encouraged to exhibit a behavior as a result of some external factor, while the inhibitory effect refers to being prevented from exhibiting a behavior due to some internal or external inhibiting factor. The vicarious impact effect is not a recognized psychological term or principle.

Question 12

A Congressional hearing is taking place in Washington, DC. The representatives are discussing whether the portrayals of violence on children's TV shows are perhaps contributing to the violence we see in schools today. The work of what psychologist is most relevant to their discussions?
A) Bandura
B) Tolman
C) Skinner
D) Pavlov

Accepted Answer

Bandura's social learning theory emphasizes the role of observational learning in shaping behavior. His research on the Bobo doll experiment showed that children who observed aggressive behavior were more likely to imitate that behavior themselves. Therefore, his work is the most relevant to the debate over whether violent TV shows may be contributing to violent behavior in children. Tolman's research was focused on cognitive maps and learning in rats, while Skinner and Pavlov are associated with classical and operant conditioning, respectively, which are not as directly related to this topic.

Question 13

In a classic experiment, Tolman exposed a group of rats to a maze for 11 days before he introduced a food reward. The rats outperformed rats that had been given daily food rewards. This demonstrates __________
A) latent learning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) observational learning.

Accepted Answer

The experiment by Tolman demonstrated latent learning, which is a form of learning that occurs without any obvious reinforcement or reward. The rats had learned and retained a cognitive map of the maze even before there was any reinforcement in the form of a food reward. This contradicted the behaviorist perspective that learning only occurs through reinforcement.

Question 14

The concept of latent learning was developed by __________
A) Watson.
B) Skinner.
C) Thorndike.
D) Tolman.

Accepted Answer

Latent learning was developed by Edward Tolman.

Question 15

A girl learns that whenever her brother shares his cookie with her, her mother gives him a piece of candy. The girl starts sharing her treats with her friends when they come over in the hopes of getting a similar reward. The girl's learning to share is an example of __________
A) classical conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) contingency theory.
D) observational learning.

Accepted Answer

The girl is learning to share by observing her brother's behavior and the reward he receives, which is an example of observational learning.

Question 16

You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lamp. Without a pair of gloves, you are likely to cut yourself on the jagged glass. Suddenly, it occurs to you that you can use a cut potato to remove the light bulb from the socket. You have just demonstrated __________
A) generalization.
B) discrimination.
C) latent learning.
D) insight learning.

Accepted Answer

The use of a cut potato to remove the light bulb from the socket is not a known or previously learned behavior, it is a novel solution to a problem. This demonstrates insight learning, which involves sudden realization or understanding of a problem's solution.

Question 17

Bethany wants to play baseball like her older brothers. Bethany watches them play for hours and is gradually learning how to play by studying what they do. This could be called __________
A) the modeling effect.
B) the disinhibitory effect.
C) the learning effect.
D) classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

The modeling effect refers to learning behaviors by observing and imitating others, which is what Bethany is doing by watching her brothers play baseball.

Question 18

The mental representation of the layout of a college campus represents __________
A) a cognitive map.
B) latent learning.
C) classical conditioning.
D) observational learning.

Accepted Answer

A mental representation of a layout is called a cognitive map, which involves spatial memory and the ability to navigate through an environment.

Question 19

You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park. One day when you arrive at the park you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven't seen for years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of __________
A) spontaneous recovery.
B) insight.
C) the formation of a cognitive map.
D) unconscious trial-and-error imagery.

Accepted Answer

Tolman's theory of latent learning involves the formation of cognitive maps, which are mental representations of physical locations. By wandering the park for days, you likely developed a cognitive map of the area, allowing you to find the shortest route to your cousin efficiently.

Question 20

Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called __________
A) insight.
B) innate learning.
C) vicarious learning.
D) latent learning.

Accepted Answer

Latent learning refers to learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change. The other options are incorrect: 
- Insight refers to a sudden realization or understanding, and it is not necessarily related to learning. 
- Innate learning refers to behaviors that are biologically programmed and do not require learning. 
- Vicarious learning, also known as observational learning, refers to learning by observing the behavior of others.

Quiz 5: Learning

Sarah has just received her drivers' license and is now ready to drive to school. Although she's never driven to her school before, Sarah knows the way. The fact that Sarah can drive herself to school suggests that __________ has occurred.

Bandura conducted a classic study known as the "Bobo" doll study. The term Bobo refers to __________

Which of the following is the best example of observational learning?

Observational learning theory's foremost proponent is __________

Albert Bandura's experiments involving the inflated "Bobo Doll" indicate__________

If you came home to your apartment in the very early hours of the morning and did not wish to wake your roommate by turning on the lights, you would likely rely upon __________ to aid you in avoiding obstacles in the apartment that might cause injury or noise.

Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act?

Who is best known for studying the phenomenon of insight in animals?

The idea that learning occurs and is stored up, even when behaviors are not reinforced, is called __________

Children and adolescents are often enticed into drug use, drinking and sexual behavior by observing these behaviors amongst their friends and acquaintances. Being influenced to exhibit behaviors that one has previously learned to suppress is called the __________

A Congressional hearing is taking place in Washington, DC. The representatives are discussing whether the portrayals of violence on children's TV shows are perhaps contributing to the violence we see in schools today. The work of what psychologist is most relevant to their discussions?

In a classic experiment, Tolman exposed a group of rats to a maze for 11 days before he introduced a food reward. The rats outperformed rats that had been given daily food rewards. This demonstrates __________

The concept of latent learning was developed by __________

A girl learns that whenever her brother shares his cookie with her, her mother gives him a piece of candy. The girl starts sharing her treats with her friends when they come over in the hopes of getting a similar reward. The girl's learning to share is an example of __________

You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lamp. Without a pair of gloves, you are likely to cut yourself on the jagged glass. Suddenly, it occurs to you that you can use a cut potato to remove the light bulb from the socket. You have just demonstrated __________

Bethany wants to play baseball like her older brothers. Bethany watches them play for hours and is gradually learning how to play by studying what they do. This could be called __________

The mental representation of the layout of a college campus represents __________

Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called __________