Question 1

Martina is an adolescent.Her friends do not include her in birthday parties and get-togethers.They make fun of her and verbally abuse her because she is overweight.Martina feels depressed and offended and contemplates suicide.In the context of psychology,this scenario exemplifies ________.
A)the overjustification effect
B)the Cassandra phenomenon
C)backward conditioning
D)social aggression

Accepted Answer

The scenario exemplifies social aggression, which is a form of bullying that includes verbal abuse, ostracism, and exclusion from social activities. The behavior of Martina's friends can lead to severe emotional consequences, such as depression and suicidal thoughts.

Question 2

Most terrorism is ________ aggression.
A)manipulative
B)duplicitous
C)hostile
D)instrumental

Accepted Answer

Most terrorism is instrumental aggression, meaning that it is a deliberate tactic aimed at achieving a specific objective, such as influencing government policies, instilling fear in a population, or gaining publicity for a cause. While terrorism can certainly involve manipulative and duplicitous tactics, its ultimate goal is typically to use acts of violence as a means of achieving some larger strategic goal. The term "hostile aggression" is not as applicable to terrorism, as it tends to imply a more impulsive, reactive form of aggression that is not as premeditated or strategic in nature.

Question 3

In contrast to Freud's view of aggression,Lorenz argued that aggression is:
A)innate.
B)adaptive rather than self-destructive.
C)biologically influenced but not instinctive.
D)socially learned.

Accepted Answer

B

Question 4

Which of the following is the best example of instrumental aggression?
A)An angry football player tackles a quarterback after he attempts a long pass.
B)A wife finds her husband with another woman and shoots them both.
C)A group of mercenaries,hired to kill the dictator of a small country,arrange to poison him.
D)A man smashes his television set when he is unable to switch it on.

Accepted Answer

Instrumental aggression is aggression that is committed to achieve a specific goal or outcome. In this scenario, the group of mercenaries has been hired with the goal of killing the dictator, and they plan to do so through poisoning. The other options involve aggression that is not necessarily goal-oriented (option A), is excessive and extreme (option B), or is impulsive and not linked to a specific goal (option D).

Question 5

According to Freud and Lorenz,aggressive energy is ________.
A)external
B)innate
C)learned
D)non-universal

Accepted Answer

Both Freud and Lorenz believed that aggressive energy is innate, meaning it is something that humans are born with, rather than something that is solely learned or influenced by external factors. Therefore, options A, C, and D can be eliminated.

Question 6

Sigmund Freud speculated that human aggression springs from:
A)an innate sexual drive.
B)a self-destructive impulse.
C)the observation of aggressive adult models.
D)the blocking of goal-directed behavior.

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that human aggression stems from a self-destructive impulse, which he referred to as the death instinct or Thanatos. This contrasts with his concept of the life instinct, or Eros, which drives people towards survival, reproduction, and pleasure.

Question 7

In 2003,American and British leaders justified attacking Iraq not as a hostile effort to kill Iraqis but as an act of liberation and of self-defense against presumed weapons of mass destruction.Social psychologists would consider this an example of ________ aggression.
A)manipulative
B)duplicitous
C)impulsive
D)instrumental

Accepted Answer

The justification given by American and British leaders for attacking Iraq is an example of instrumental aggression, which is aggression that is motivated by some goal other than causing harm for its own sake. In this case, the goal was to eliminate presumed weapons of mass destruction and to liberate the Iraqi people.

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of aggression?
A)Sam accidentally slams her car's door hard and it hits Tim's knee.
B)Luisa urges her classmates not to vote for Marcy for the post of dormitory senator and cites some rumors about Marcy's social life.
C)Carla,a dentist,gives a shot of Novocain before pulling out her patient's affected tooth.
D)Joe's eagerness and enthusiasm results in his being promoted as a sales manager in a very short time.

Accepted Answer

Luisa is spreading rumors about Marcy in order to discourage her classmates from voting for her, which falls under the definition of aggression. The other options do not involve intentional harm or hostility towards others.

Question 9

An instinctive behavior is a behavior that is:
A)survival-oriented and common to most members of a species.
B)innate,unlearned,and exhibited by all members of a species.
C)reflexive and automatic but easily overcome by learning.
D)taught to members of a species.

Accepted Answer

Instinctive behaviors are innate and unlearned, meaning they are present in all members of a species without the need for training or teaching. These behaviors are often related to survival and serve important functions for the species.

Question 10

Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone is known as:
A)aggression.
B)subjugation.
C)destruction.
D)frustration.

Accepted Answer

Aggression refers to physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone. This can include physical attacks, verbal insults, or acts of revenge.

Question 11

Juanita is upset with Arthur.During a social gathering,he makes rude remarks about her in front of others.Arthur's behavior exemplifies:
A)assertion.
B)manipulation.
C)aggression.
D)submission.

Accepted Answer

Arthur's behavior exemplifies aggression as he is intentionally making rude remarks about Juanita in front of others, causing harm and distress to her.

Question 12

Lukas,a 25-year-old,is an alcoholic.Whenever he gets drunk or needs money,he hits his parents and shoves them.He does not even spare his pet dog and often throws him from a height.In the context of psychology,this scenario illustrates ________.
A)physical aggression
B)social aggression
C)social loafing
D)gender narcissism

Accepted Answer

This scenario illustrates physical aggression, which involves physically harming or injuring others. Lukas is physically aggressive towards his parents and his pet dog when he is drunk or needs money.

Question 13

________ aggression springs from anger,and its only goal is to injure.
A)Manipulative
B)Duplicitous
C)Hostile
D)Instrumental

Accepted Answer

Hostile aggression is characterized by a strong desire to harm or injure others, often as a result of anger or frustration. This type of aggression is not motivated by any other goal, such as gaining something for oneself.

Question 14

Laura meets Adam through social medi A.Soon,they fall in love and become physically intimate.Adam secretly records their sexual activity.He sends texts and mails to Laura and threatens her saying that he will release the video online unless his monetary demands are met.In the context of aggression,Adam's activity is referred to as ________.
A)cognitive priming
B)cyberbullying
C)voyeurism
D)transvestism

Accepted Answer

Adam's activity falls under the definition of cyberbullying, which involves using digital technology to deliberately harm, intimidate, threaten, or humiliate another person. By threatening to upload the video without Laura's consent, he is exerting power and control over her, causing emotional distress and violating her privacy.

Question 15

________ aggression aims to injure only as a means to some other end.
A)Manipulative
B)Duplicitous
C)Hostile
D)Instrumental

Accepted Answer

Instrumental aggression is driven by the desire to achieve a particular goal or outcome, with harming others being only a means to that end. This type of aggression is often seen in situations where individuals are competing for resources or trying to protect their own interests. In contrast, hostile aggression is driven by anger, frustration, or other negative emotions, with the goal being to harm others for its own sake. Manipulative and duplicitous are not types of aggression.

Question 16

Most murders are ________ aggression.
A)manipulative
B)duplicitous
C)hostile
D)instrumental

Accepted Answer

Most murders are classified as acts of hostile aggression, characterized by emotions like anger or rage, rather than being strategic or goal-oriented (instrumental aggression).

Question 17

In the context of psychology,which of the following illustrates aggression?
A)Habid surgically removes a patient's leg because it has become infected.
B)Maria hits Ethan because he refuses to lend her money.
C)Daniel collides with a car parked on the street because it is dark.
D)Hanna convinces a customer to purchase an expensive outfit.

Accepted Answer

Aggression refers to behavior that is intended to cause harm or pain to another person. Hitting someone because they refuse to lend you money is an example of aggressive behavior. The other options do not involve intentional harm or pain being inflicted on another person.

Question 18

Sophie bullies and physically abuses Wen,her junior,in school so that she will be feared as well as respected by other juniors.She also hopes to be popular by behaving in this manner.In the context of psychology,Sophie's behavior exemplifies ________.
A)hostile aggression
B)instrumental aggression
C)rosy retrospection
D)belief perseverance

Accepted Answer

Sophie's behavior is an example of instrumental aggression, which is a type of aggression aimed at achieving a goal. In this case, Sophie's goal is to be feared and respected by her juniors and to gain popularity. Unlike hostile aggression, which is driven by feelings of anger and aims to cause harm, instrumental aggression is more about achieving a specific outcome.

Question 19

Identify a true statement about hostile aggression.
A)It is incapable of injuring or harming others.
B)It springs from anger.
C)It is employed as a means to some other end.
D)It causes most wars.

Accepted Answer

Hostile aggression is defined as behavior aimed at causing harm or injury to another person due to feelings of anger or hostility. It is not necessarily employed as a means to some other end and does not always cause most wars. Additionally, it is capable of injuring or harming others.

Question 20

Oscar gets drunk at a party and starts arguing with one of the other guests that death penalty is better than capital punishment.The other guest holds a contrasting view about the topic.They get into a heated argument.Oscar gets angry and shoves the other person to injure him.In the context of psychology,this scenario illustrates ________.
A)the third-person effect
B)hostile aggression
C)cognitive priming
D)the insufficient justification effect

Accepted Answer

The scenario illustrates hostile aggression, which refers to an intentional behavior aimed at causing harm or injury to another person. Oscar's shoving of the other guest was a hostile and aggressive act, resulting from his inability to control his emotions during the argument. The other options are not relevant in this context. The third-person effect is the belief that media messages have a greater impact on others than on oneself. Cognitive priming refers to the activation of specific mental representations in memory, influencing subsequent behavior. The insufficient justification effect refers to the tendency for people to change their attitudes or beliefs to justify their behavior when they receive insufficient external justification for it.

Quiz 10: Aggression: Hurting Others

Martina is an adolescent.Her friends do not include her in birthday parties and get-togethers.They make fun of her and verbally abuse her because she is overweight.Martina feels depressed and offended and contemplates suicide.In the context of psychology,this scenario exemplifies ________.

Most terrorism is ________ aggression.

In contrast to Freud's view of aggression,Lorenz argued that aggression is:

Which of the following is the best example of instrumental aggression?

According to Freud and Lorenz,aggressive energy is ________.

Sigmund Freud speculated that human aggression springs from:

In 2003,American and British leaders justified attacking Iraq not as a hostile effort to kill Iraqis but as an act of liberation and of self-defense against presumed weapons of mass destruction.Social psychologists would consider this an example of ________ aggression.

Which of the following is an example of aggression?

An instinctive behavior is a behavior that is:

Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone is known as:

Juanita is upset with Arthur.During a social gathering,he makes rude remarks about her in front of others.Arthur's behavior exemplifies:

Lukas,a 25-year-old,is an alcoholic.Whenever he gets drunk or needs money,he hits his parents and shoves them.He does not even spare his pet dog and often throws him from a height.In the context of psychology,this scenario illustrates ________.

________ aggression springs from anger,and its only goal is to injure.

________ aggression aims to injure only as a means to some other end.

Most murders are ________ aggression.

In the context of psychology,which of the following illustrates aggression?

Sophie bullies and physically abuses Wen,her junior,in school so that she will be feared as well as respected by other juniors.She also hopes to be popular by behaving in this manner.In the context of psychology,Sophie's behavior exemplifies ________.

Identify a true statement about hostile aggression.