Question 1

​Increasing the level of significance in order to increase power results in increased risk of ____.
A) ​Type I error only
B) ​Type II error only
C) ​both Type I and Type II errors
D) ​neither Type I nor Type II error

Accepted Answer

Increasing the significance level (alpha) increases the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis even when it is actually true, which leads to Type I errors. Therefore, increasing the level of significance only results in increased risk of Type I error, not Type II error.

Question 2

​The ____ is commonly called the average.
A) ​mean
B) ​median
C) ​mode
D) ​range

Accepted Answer

The mean is calculated by adding up all the values in a set and dividing by the total number of values, making it the most commonly used measure of central tendency, often referred to as the average.

Question 3

​Many statistical analyses are based on the assumption that the data are distributed ____.
A) ​normally
B) ​linearly
C) ​bivariately
D) ​randomly

Accepted Answer

The most common assumption in statistical analysis is that the data are distributed normally. This assumption is necessary for many types of tests and modeling techniques. While other types of distributions may be used in certain situations, the normal distribution is usually the default assumption.

Question 4

​As soon as a researcher receives data,the data should be ____.
A) ​screened for accuracy
B) ​analyzed
C) ​graphed
D) ​logged

Accepted Answer

The answer of ​As soon as a researcher receives data,the...

Question 5

​Poor reliability of treatment implementation can result in increased risk of ____.
A) ​Type I error only
B) ​Type II error only
C) ​both Type I and Type II errors
D) ​neither Type I nor Type II error

Accepted Answer

Poor reliability of treatment implementation can result in Type II error, which is the failure to detect a true effect of the treatment due to insufficient sample size or inadequate statistical power. This can happen if the treatment is not applied consistently or correctly to all participants. Type I error, which is the false detection of an effect that is not actually present, is less likely to occur due to poor reliability of implementation, as it is not related to the consistency or accuracy of the treatment application.

Question 6

​A life satisfaction scale has both positively-worded items (e.g. ,"I feel as though life is good to me")and negatively-worded items (e.g. ,"I have nothing to look forward to.").All items use a scale of 1 ("disagree strongly")to 5 ("agree strongly").In order to analyze this data,it must undergo a(n)____.
A) ​item inversion
B) ​item reversal
C) ​scale reversal
D) ​scale inversion

Accepted Answer

The best choice is item reversal. This is because the negatively-worded items need to be reverse-coded in order to ensure that all positively-worded items have the same directionality as the negatively-worded items. This allows for accurate analysis and comparison of responses across all items on the scale.

Question 7

​A weak intervention can result in increased risk of ____.
A) ​Type I error only
B) ​Type II error only
C) ​both Type I and Type II errors
D) ​neither Type I nor Type II error

Accepted Answer

A weak intervention can result in a failure to detect a significant difference between groups (Type II error). It is less likely to result in an increased risk of a false positive (Type I error).

Question 8

​The ____ is the score at the middle,or 50th percentile,of a group of scores.
A) ​dispersion
B) ​median
C) ​mode
D) ​range

Accepted Answer

The median is the score at the middle of a group of scores, representing the 50th percentile. It is calculated by arranging all the scores in order and selecting the middle value. The other options (dispersion, mode, and range) do not specifically represent the middle score of a distribution.

Question 9

​The ____ is the most frequently appearing score.
A) ​mean
B) ​median
C) ​mode
D) ​range

Accepted Answer

The mode is the score that appears most frequently in a dataset, making it the best choice for this question. The mean and median are measures of central tendency, but they do not necessarily reflect the most frequently appearing score. The range is a measure of dispersion, not central tendency.

Question 10

​Statistical power is related to ____.
A) ​Type I error only
B) ​Type II error only
C) ​both Type I and Type II error
D) ​neither Type I nor Type II error

Accepted Answer

Statistical power is the probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis (avoiding a Type II error). This is closely related to the probability of making a Type I error (rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true), as increasing the significance level (decreasing the probability of making a Type I error) also increases the probability of making a Type II error (decreasing statistical power). Therefore, statistical power is related to both Type I and Type II error.

Question 11

​Robb carefully designed a study to test a method for reducing test anxiety among students.On the day he conducts his post-test,a broken water main nearby results in jack hammering and other construction sounds that are seem to be distracting research participants.Robb's ability to detect differences among his groups may have been compromised by ____.
A) ​low reliability of the measure
B) ​random heterogeneity of participants
C) ​poor reliability of treatment implementation
D) ​random irrelevancies in the setting

Accepted Answer

The construction sounds are a random irrelevancy in the setting that may have affected all groups in the study, making it difficult to detect differences among them. This is a form of external or environmental noise that can interfere with the study and compromise the validity of the results. The other options do not seem to be relevant to this specific situation.

Question 12

​The ____ is the highest score minus the lowest score.
A) ​dispersion
B) ​median
C) ​mode
D) ​range

Accepted Answer

The range is a measure of dispersion that calculates the difference between the highest and lowest score in a dataset.

Question 13

​Violation of the assumptions underlying statistical tests can result in increased risk of ____.
A) ​Type I error only
B) ​Type II error only
C) ​both Type I and Type II errors
D) ​neither Type I nor Type II error

Accepted Answer

Violation of assumptions underlying statistical tests can result in both Type I and Type II errors. Type I errors occur when we reject the null hypothesis when it is actually true, and Type II errors occur when we fail to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false. Violation of assumptions can result in biased estimates of the population parameters, which in turn can increase the risk of both types of errors.

Question 14

​Random heterogeneity of subjects can result in increased risk of ____.
A) ​Type I error only
B) ​Type II error only
C) ​both Type I and Type II errors
D) ​neither Type I nor Type II error

Accepted Answer

The answer of ​Random heterogeneity of subjects can result in...

Question 15

​If data on a particular variable are skewed in the positive direction,then taking the square root can make the data look closer to a normal distribution.This is referred to as data ____.
A) ​transformation
B) ​translation
C) ​imputation
D) ​substitution

Accepted Answer

Data transformation is the process of changing the form or distribution of data. One common transformation is taking the square root of skewed data to make it closer to a normal distribution. Translation, imputation, and substitution do not apply to this situation.

Question 16

​The ____ describes each variable in the data and indicates where and how it can be accessed.
A) ​guidebook
B) ​bibliography
C) ​codebook
D) ​descriptive analysis

Accepted Answer

A codebook is a document that describes the contents, structure, and layout of a dataset. It includes information about each variable, such as variable name, label, type, and format, as well as how missing values are coded and how to access the dataset.

Question 17

Random irrelevancies in the environment can result in increased risk of ____.
A) ​Type I error only
B) ​Type II error only
C) ​both Type I and Type II errors
D) ​neither Type I nor Type II error

Accepted Answer

The answer of Random irrelevancies in the environment can result...

Question 18

​The probability that a researcher will conclude there is a relationship when one does,in fact,exist is referred to as ____.
A) ​alpha
B) ​alpha inverse
C) ​statistical power
D) ​a Type III outcome

Accepted Answer

The probability that a researcher will conclude there is a relationship when one does, in fact, exist is called statistical power. This is the probability of avoiding a Type II error, which is failing to detect a true relationship or effect. It is not alpha (A), which is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true, nor alpha inverse (B), which is not a statistical term. Type III outcome (D) is also not correct, as this term refers to a specific type of interaction effect in data analysis.

Question 19

​Alan has developed an intervention that can be used by family resource networks to provide basic child development information to high-risk families.Although he has trained at least one person from each family resource network and has excellent program documentation,he is still concerned.Specifically,Alan is probably worried about ____.
A) ​low reliability of the measure
B) ​random heterogeneity of participants
C) ​poor reliability of treatment implementation
D) ​random irrelevancies in the setting

Accepted Answer

Alan's concern over the implementation of the program suggests that he may be worried about poor reliability in the application of the intervention by the trained individuals in the family resource networks. This could impact the effectiveness of the program in providing basic child development information to high-risk families.

Question 20

​The ____ is the spread of the scores around their average in a single sample.
A) ​dispersion
B) ​standard deviation
C) ​variance
D) ​range

Accepted Answer

The standard deviation is a measure of dispersion that indicates how much the scores in a sample vary from the average (mean). It takes into account all the scores in the sample and provides a more comprehensive understanding of the variability of the data than the range, which only considers the difference between the highest and lowest scores. Variance is another measure of dispersion that can be calculated from the standard deviation but is less commonly used in practice.

Quiz 11: Introduction-To-Data-Analysis

​Increasing the level of significance in order to increase power results in increased risk of ____.

​The ____ is commonly called the average.

​Many statistical analyses are based on the assumption that the data are distributed ____.

​As soon as a researcher receives data,the data should be ____.

​Poor reliability of treatment implementation can result in increased risk of ____.

​A weak intervention can result in increased risk of ____.

​The ____ is the score at the middle,or 50th percentile,of a group of scores.

​The ____ is the most frequently appearing score.

​Statistical power is related to ____.

​The ____ is the highest score minus the lowest score.

​Violation of the assumptions underlying statistical tests can result in increased risk of ____.

​Random heterogeneity of subjects can result in increased risk of ____.

​If data on a particular variable are skewed in the positive direction,then taking the square root can make the data look closer to a normal distribution.This is referred to as data ____.

​The ____ describes each variable in the data and indicates where and how it can be accessed.

Random irrelevancies in the environment can result in increased risk of ____.

​The probability that a researcher will conclude there is a relationship when one does,in fact,exist is referred to as ____.

​The ____ is the spread of the scores around their average in a single sample.

Increasing the level of significance in order to increase power results in increased risk of ____.

The ____ is commonly called the average.

Many statistical analyses are based on the assumption that the data are distributed ____.

As soon as a researcher receives data,the data should be ____.

Poor reliability of treatment implementation can result in increased risk of ____.

A weak intervention can result in increased risk of ____.

The ____ is the score at the middle,or 50th percentile,of a group of scores.

The ____ is the most frequently appearing score.

Statistical power is related to ____.

The ____ is the highest score minus the lowest score.

Violation of the assumptions underlying statistical tests can result in increased risk of ____.

Random heterogeneity of subjects can result in increased risk of ____.

If data on a particular variable are skewed in the positive direction,then taking the square root can make the data look closer to a normal distribution.This is referred to as data ____.

The ____ describes each variable in the data and indicates where and how it can be accessed.

The probability that a researcher will conclude there is a relationship when one does,in fact,exist is referred to as ____.

The ____ is the spread of the scores around their average in a single sample.