Question 1

In one study, participants were told that they had either done well or poorly on a test, and were then given the opportunity to participate in an ostensible study on alcohol preferences. What were the findings?

Accepted Answer

Among those participants who believed they did poorly, existing levels of private self-consciousness predicted higher levels of drinking.

Question 2

Which of the following is not a view of the self-posited by self-discrepancy theory?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is not a...

Question 3

According to expectancy-value theory, what determines the amount of effort a person is likely to expend on a goal?

Accepted Answer

According to expectancy-value theory, the amount of effort a person is likely to expend on a goal is determined by the value of the goal and the person's estimation of how achievable it is. If the person values the goal highly and believes it is attainable, they are more likely to invest a significant amount of effort into achieving it. Factors such as the opinions of others and cultural values may also play a role, but they are not the primary determinants of effort expenditure according to this theory.

Question 4

Mason is not the kind of person who reflects much on his own beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. Recently, his friends and family have made it clear to him that he has a drug abuse problem. He has decided to enter counseling and attend Narcotics Anonymous meetings. What does research suggest will likely happen?

Accepted Answer

Mason has a higher likelihood than some of successfully staying off drugs because he has decided to enter counseling and attend Narcotics Anonymous meetings. This suggests that he is motivated to change and is taking steps to do so.

Question 5

We are more likely to feel _____ when we focus on a bad behavior we have committed, and to feel _____ when we think that we are a bad person.

Accepted Answer

Guilt is an emotion that arises when we focus on a specific behavior we have committed that goes against our values. On the other hand, shame is an emotion that arises when we start to believe that we are inherently bad or unworthy as a person.

Question 6

Which of the following human capabilities is NOT essential to self-regulation?

Accepted Answer

Our ability to convince ourselves that we're better at something than we actually are is not essential to self-regulation. In fact, it can be a hindrance to self-regulation as it may lead to overconfidence and ignoring areas for improvement. The other options (self-awareness, abstract thinking about goals, envisioning the future) are all essential to self-regulation.

Question 7

Shinobu is thinking about how he has performed in his pursuit of a career as a chemical engineer, and feels that there is only a small discrepancy between what he has accomplished and what he envisioned himself accomplishing. How does self-discrepancy theory suggest he is likely to feel?

Accepted Answer

According to self-discrepancy theory, when there is only a small discrepancy between one's actual self and their ideal self, they are likely to feel satisfied.

Question 8

What were the results of a study in which participants were asked to deliver shocks to another participant either in front or not in front of a mirror?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What were the results of a study...

Question 9

Kaguya is considering stealing a blue book which she needs for an upcoming exam from the university book store. As she is about to walk out of the store with the book, she approaches the glass doors at the entrance which reflect images of the individuals inside the store. What does research suggest is likely to happen?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that individuals are less likely to engage in deviant or criminal behavior when they are being watched or their actions are likely to be detected. The presence of the reflecting glass door in this scenario creates a social cue that increases the likelihood of Kaguya being detected if she tries to steal the book. Therefore, it is more likely that she will not steal the book. While preexisting attitudes towards theft may play a role in her decision-making, the presence of the social cue provided by the glass doors is likely to have a greater impact on her behavior in this situation.

Question 10

Failures to live up to the ought self elicit _____, while failures to live up to the ideal self elicit _____.

Accepted Answer

Research on self-discrepancy theory suggests that failures to meet the standards set by the ideal self elicit negative emotions such as anxiety and guilt, while failures to meet the standards set by the ought self elicit negative reactions such as dejection and sadness. Therefore, option B is the correct answer. Option A and D are incorrect because they present reverse responses for the two types of self. Option C is incorrect because it confuses the emotions that arise from failing to live up to the two types of self.

Question 11

The process of guiding one's thoughts, feelings, and behavior to reach desired goals is referred to as _____.

Accepted Answer

Self-regulation is the process of guiding one's thoughts, feelings, and behavior to reach desired goals. Cognitive reappraisal refers to changing one's interpretation of a situation to change the emotional response. Ego depletion refers to a reduction in self-control capacity after exerting effort on a related task. Implementation intention is a specific plan for how and when to take action towards a goal. Out of these options, self-regulation is the most accurate description of the process of guiding one's thoughts, feelings, and behavior towards desired goals.

Question 12

The idea that self-awareness makes us focus more on the gap between what we want to be doing and what we are actually doing most closely connects to _____.

Accepted Answer

Freud's concept of the superego involves self-awareness and the internalization of societal standards, which can create a focus on the gap between one's actions and one's ideals or desires.

Question 13

In their research on self-perception theory, what did Storms and Nisbett (1970) find was an effective treatment for insomnia?

Accepted Answer

Storms and Nisbett (1970) found that giving people a placebo pill that they were told would cause arousal as they went to sleep was an effective treatment for insomnia. This approach worked because it changed the individuals' attributions about their arousal, making them attribute their wakefulness to the pill rather than to their own inability to sleep, thus reducing anxiety about insomnia and making it easier for them to fall asleep.

Question 14

Self-awareness theory states that:

Accepted Answer

Self-awareness theory states that one's attitudes, values, and goals will be most likely to influence behavior when attention is focused on the self. This means that when people are self-aware, they are more likely to act in accordance with their own beliefs and goals. This is why self-awareness is often seen as an important component of personal growth and development.

Question 15

Bettina would very much like to become a famous singer-songwriter. However, as her life goes on she begins to feel that this will be a very difficult goal to achieve. What does expectancy-value theory suggest will happen?

Accepted Answer

Expectancy-value theory suggests that individuals will persist in pursuing a goal if they have a high expectancy of success and/or perceive the goal to be of high value. In Bettina's case, if she begins to feel that becoming a famous singer-songwriter is a difficult goal to achieve, her expectancy of success may decrease, making it less likely that she will persist. Additionally, if she begins to perceive the goal as less valuable or less meaningful to her, she may be more likely to shift her energy to something else. Thus, it is most likely that Bettina will eventually give up on the goal and pursue other interests.

Question 16

According to self-awareness theory, what determines whether a person distracts him or herself from negative self-awareness, or commits to trying to be better in the future?

Accepted Answer

If a person believes that a negative discrepancy can be easily reduced, they are more likely to commit to self-improvement rather than distract themselves.

Question 17

Which of the following methods is NOT one that researchers have used to increase self-awareness?

Accepted Answer

Asking people to focus on an object in their immediate environment is not a method used to increase self-awareness. The other options listed are commonly used methods to increase self-awareness.

Question 18

The _____ refers to our conscience, or beliefs about what we are obligated to do, while the _____ refers to our beliefs about what we would like to accomplish and become.

Accepted Answer

The "ought self" refers to our sense of duty or obligation, while the "ideal self" refers to our aspirations, goals, and desired accomplishments. This distinction is often studied in the field of psychology, particularly in the area of self-determination theory. The other answer choices are not accurate descriptions of these concepts.

Question 19

Research suggests that people who frequently experience shame are more likely:

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that people who frequently experience shame are more likely to be angry or depressed. Shame is often related to negative self-evaluation and can lead to feelings of worthlessness, which can contribute to the development of depression and anger. People who experience guilt, on the other hand, are more likely to seek to make amends or improve their behavior in the future.

Question 20

Moussa just went for a run. Afterward he got a call from his ex-partner. Research inspired by excitation transfer theory suggests that he is most likely to become emotionally agitated in this conversation at what time?

Accepted Answer

According to excitation transfer theory, residual arousal from physical activity can intensify emotional responses shortly after the activity, typically within a few minutes.

Quiz 5: The Nature, Origins, and Functions of the Self