Question 1

Of the following substances, which has the greatest potential to cause dependence if used regularly?
A) nicotine
B) marijuana
C) alcohol
D) cocaine
E) heroin

Accepted Answer

The answer of Of the following substances, which has the...

Question 2

Which of the following statements regarding higher brain functions is true?
A) A person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking.
B) A person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will have motor aphasia.
C) A person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces.
D) Both "a person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking" and "a person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will have motor aphasia" are true.
E) Both "a person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking" and "a person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces" are true.

Accepted Answer

A person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking. This is because Broca's area is involved in the production of speech, while comprehension of language involves other areas of the brain. Option B and C are incorrect as they are opposite to the actual effects of damage to Broca's and Wernicke's areas. Option D and E are not entirely correct as option E includes an incorrect statement about the effects of damage to Wernicke's area.

Question 3

Selective attention is facilitated, enhanced, and improved by way of the ___ of the brainstem, which acts as the origin point of neurons, which project to the cerebraal cortex and release ___ neurotransmitter(s).
A) pons, acetylcholine
B) basal nuclei, dopamine
C) hypothalamus, serotonin
D) locus coeruleus, norepinephrine
E) thalamus, melatonin

Accepted Answer

Selective attention is facilitated by the locus coeruleus, which is located in the brainstem and releases norepinephrine. This neurotransmitter helps to enhance the processing of sensory information and improves the ability to focus on relevant stimuli while filtering out distractions.

Question 4

About 3%-5% of school-aged children are diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This neurobehavioral problem is anatomically linked, primarily, to which area of dysfunction in the brain?
A) basal nuclei
B) pituitary gland
C) prefrontal cerebral cortex
D) both basal nuclei and pituitary gland
E) both basal nuclei and prefrontal cerebral cortex

Accepted Answer

The answer of About 3%-5% of school-aged children are diagnosed...

Question 5

Conceptual aphasia is a result of damage to
A) the mouth and vocal cords.
B) the cerebellum.
C) Broca's area.
D) Wernicke's area.
E) the primary visual cortex.

Accepted Answer

Conceptual aphasia is a type of aphasia that results from damage to Wernicke's area, which is located in the temporal lobe of the brain and is responsible for language comprehension. People with conceptual aphasia have difficulty understanding language and may struggle to express themselves in coherent sentences. Damage to other areas of the brain, such as Broca's area or the cerebellum, can result in different types of language impairments. Damage to the mouth and vocal cords would affect speech production but not necessarily language comprehension. Damage to the primary visual cortex would affect visual processing but not language.

Question 6

When a person loses consciousness, working memory is interrupted and memories are abolished for all that happened for a variable period of time before the blow that caused unconsciousness. Why?
A) The traumatic blow to the head caused a concussion through violent displacement of the brain in the skull.
B) There was a deficiency of adequate blood flow to the brain.
C) There was an interruption in the constant stream of neuron potentials to memory facilitation brain areas.
D) Conflicting external interference prevents conversion of short-term to long-term memory.
E) This is an area of neurological research that has not achieved any satisfying conclusions at the present time.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When a person loses consciousness, working memory...

Question 7

Damage to that part of the brain known as Broca's area is likely to
A) cause difficulty in recognizing faces.
B) be associated with paralysis on the left side of the body.
C) impair speech.
D) Both "cause difficulty in recognizing faces" and "be associated with paralysis on the left side of the body" are correct.
E) Both "be associated with paralysis on the left side of the body" and "impair speech" are correct.

Accepted Answer

Damage to Broca's area in the left frontal lobe of the brain is known to impair speech production, causing difficulty in generating fluent, expressive language. It does not affect face recognition or paralysis in any part of the body.

Question 8

About 3%-5% of school-aged children are diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This neurobehavioral problem is anatomically linked, primarily, to which area of dysfunction in the brain?
A) basal nuclei
B) pituitary gland
C) prefrontal cerebral cortex
D) both basal nuclei and pituitary gland
E) both basal nuclei and prefrontal cerebral cortex

Accepted Answer

The answer of About 3%-5% of school-aged children are diagnosed...

Question 9

Symptoms of withdrawal when drug use is stopped
A) may result from lower-than-normal secretion of neurotransmitter.
B) are psychological, not physical.
C) may be alleviated by taking a drug that interacts with the same receptor as the original drug.
D) both "may result from lower-than-normal secretion of neurotransmitter" and "may be alleviated by taking a drug that interacts with the same receptor as the original drug" are correct.
E) All of the choices are correct.

Accepted Answer

Symptoms of withdrawal when drug use is stopped may result from lower-than-normal secretion of neurotransmitter and may be alleviated by taking a drug that interacts with the same receptor as the original drug. These symptoms can be both physical and psychological.

Question 10

Damage to which of the following brain structures is most likely to result in difficulty in being able to remember meeting new people?
A) thalamus
B) hippocampus
C) hypothalamus
D) corpus callosum
E) Broca's area

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is critical for the formation of new memories, including declarative and episodic memories. Damage to the hippocampus can result in difficulty in forming new memories. Meeting new people would fall under the category of episodic memory, as it involves remembering a specific event in time. Damage to the thalamus, hypothalamus, corpus callosum, or Broca's area would not specifically affect the ability to form new memories of meeting new people.

Question 11

Which of the following best explains how the phenomenon of "tolerance" develops with use of psychoactive drugs over time?
A) Psychoactive drugs can alter blood flow to the brain.
B) Psychoactive drugs often produce euphoria.
C) Psychoactive drugs can cross the blood-brain barrier.
D) Psychoactive drugs can inhibit production of endogenous neurotransmitters.
E) Psychoactive drugs can up-regulate receptors for endogenous neurotransmitters.

Accepted Answer

ETolerance develops when the body adjusts to the presence of the drug, often through physiological changes. One such change is the inhibition of the production of endogenous (naturally occurring) neurotransmitters (D), as the body compensates for the artificial increase in neurotransmitter activity caused by the drug. Another change can be the up-regulation (increase in the number) of receptors for these neurotransmitters (E), as the body attempts to maintain normal function despite the presence of the drug.

Question 12

The most nearly correct sequence of activation of brain areas when one responds in writing to a verbal command is:
A) primary auditory cortex; Wernicke's area; Broca's area; supplementary motor cortex; primary motor cortex.
B) primary auditory cortex; Broca's area; supplementary motor cortex; Wernicke's area; primary motor cortex.
C) primary auditory cortex; Broca's area; Wernicke's area; supplementary motor cortex; primary motor cortex.
D) primary auditory cortex; Broca's area; Wernicke's area; primary motor cortex; supplementary motor cortex.
E) primary auditory cortex; Wernicke's area; Broca's area; primary motor cortex; supplementary motor cortex.

Accepted Answer

The correct sequence starts with the primary auditory cortex (hearing the command), followed by Wernicke's area (comprehending the command), then Broca's area (formulating a response), the supplementary motor cortex (planning the motor response), and finally the primary motor cortex (executing the writing).

Question 13

The transfer of working memory into long-term memory is
A) called memory retrieval.
B) inhibited by such hormones as ACTH, epinephrine, and vasopressin.
C) thought to be caused by a relatively nonspecific "fix" signal.
D) both called memory retrieval and inhibited by such hormones as ACTH, epinephrine, and vasopressin.
E) both inhibited by such hormones as ACTH, epinephrine, and vasopressin, and thought to be caused by a relatively nonspecific "fix" signal.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The transfer of working memory into long-term...

Question 14

Anterograde amnesia is associated with damage to all of the following structures of the brain, except
A) thalamus.
B) hypothalamus.
C) limbic system.
D) corpus callosum.
E) hippocampus.

Accepted Answer

The corpus callosum is primarily involved in connecting the two hemispheres of the brain and is not directly associated with memory formation, unlike the other structures listed.

Question 15

Regarding psychoactive drugs,
A) both the phenomenon of "tolerance" to and the symptoms of "withdrawal" from a psychoactive drug can be explained by the positive feedback effect of the drug on the production of the endogenous neurotransmitter/neuromodulator for which the drug is an agonist.
B) Only drugs that bind to endorphin/enkephalin receptors are described as "psychoactive."
C) use of psychoactive drugs may result in physical dependence upon them.
D) both "the phenomenon of 'tolerance' to and the symptoms of 'withdrawal' from a psychoactive drug can be explained by the positive feedback effect of the drug on the production of the endogenous neurotransmitter/neuromodulator for which the drug is an agonist" and "only drugs that bind to endorphin/enkephalin receptors are described as 'psychoactive'" are correct.
E) both "the phenomenon of 'tolerance' to and the symptoms of 'withdrawal' from a psychoactive drug can be explained by the positive feedback effect of the drug on the production of the endogenous neurotransmitter/neuromodulator for which the drug is an agonist" and "use of psychoactive drugs may result in physical dependence upon them" are correct.

Accepted Answer

The statement "the phenomenon of 'tolerance' to and the symptoms of 'withdrawal' from a psychoactive drug can be explained by the positive feedback effect of the drug on the production of the endogenous neurotransmitter/neuromodulator for which the drug is an agonist" is true, as chronic exposure to a drug can lead to downregulation of the receptors for the neurotransmitter/neuromodulator that the drug is mimicking, causing the body to produce more of it to compensate. This can lead to tolerance and withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued. Additionally, the statement "use of psychoactive drugs may result in physical dependence upon them" is also true, as repeated use of certain psychoactive drugs can lead to the body becoming dependent on them for normal functioning.

Question 16

Damage to that part of the brain known as Wernicke's area is likely to
A) cause difficulty in recognizing faces.
B) be associated with impairment of procedural memory.
C) impair comprehension of language.
D) impair one's ability to speak.
E) cause blindness.

Accepted Answer

Wernicke's area is responsible for language comprehension, so damage to this area is likely to impair comprehension of language, but not necessarily other functions such as recognizing faces, procedural memory, speaking, or vision.

Question 17

A person with bilateral damage to the hippocampus will probably
A) suffer from aphasia.
B) develop symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
C) suffer impairment of consolidation of declarative memory.
D) have difficulty learning new physical skills.
E) experience all of the choices.

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is crucial in the consolidation of declarative memory, which includes facts and events. Bilateral damage to the hippocampus would likely result in impaired consolidation of declarative memory. The other options listed -- suffering from aphasia, developing Parkinson's disease, having difficulty learning new physical skills, or experiencing all of the above -- are not directly related to hippocampal function.

Question 18

Regarding psychoactive drugs,
A) they can be taken to relieve altered states of consciousness.
B) they can be taken to experience altered states of consciousness.
C) they may stimulate neuronal activity in the "reward" areas of the brain.
D) both "they can be taken to experience altered states of consciousness" and "they may stimulate neuronal activity in the 'reward' areas of the brain" are correct.
E) All of the choices are correct.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Regarding psychoactive drugs,
A) they can be taken...

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of declarative memory?
A) recognition of a person's face and matching a name to it
B) remembering how to ride a bicycle
C) being able to recall a phone number for only a short period of time
D) being given a specific address and being able to recall it several days or weeks later
E) responding to the sight, smell, taste, or thought of one's favorite food with salivation and hunger pangs

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is an example...

Question 20

In most people, all of the following functions are lateralized to the left hemisphere except
A) arithmetic ability.
B) the ability to read and write.
C) the ability to speak.
D) the ability to recognize faces and read maps.
E) None of these choices; all of these functions are lateralized to the left hemisphere.

Accepted Answer

The ability to recognize faces and read maps is typically lateralized to the right hemisphere, while arithmetic ability, the ability to read and write, and the ability to speak are typically lateralized to the left hemisphere. Therefore, option D is the correct answer.

Quiz 8: Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior

Of the following substances, which has the greatest potential to cause dependence if used regularly?

Which of the following statements regarding higher brain functions is true?

Selective attention is facilitated, enhanced, and improved by way of the _ of the brainstem, which acts as the origin point of neurons, which project to the cerebraal cortex and release _ neurotransmitter(s) .

About 3%-5% of school-aged children are diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) . This neurobehavioral problem is anatomically linked, primarily, to which area of dysfunction in the brain?

Conceptual aphasia is a result of damage to

When a person loses consciousness, working memory is interrupted and memories are abolished for all that happened for a variable period of time before the blow that caused unconsciousness. Why?

Damage to that part of the brain known as Broca's area is likely to

About 3%-5% of school-aged children are diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) . This neurobehavioral problem is anatomically linked, primarily, to which area of dysfunction in the brain?

Symptoms of withdrawal when drug use is stopped

Damage to which of the following brain structures is most likely to result in difficulty in being able to remember meeting new people?

Which of the following best explains how the phenomenon of "tolerance" develops with use of psychoactive drugs over time?

The most nearly correct sequence of activation of brain areas when one responds in writing to a verbal command is:

The transfer of working memory into long-term memory is

Anterograde amnesia is associated with damage to all of the following structures of the brain, except

Regarding psychoactive drugs,

Damage to that part of the brain known as Wernicke's area is likely to

A person with bilateral damage to the hippocampus will probably

Regarding psychoactive drugs,

Which of the following is an example of declarative memory?

In most people, all of the following functions are lateralized to the left hemisphere except

Quiz 8: Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior

Of the following substances, which has the greatest potential to cause dependence if used regularly?

Which of the following statements regarding higher brain functions is true?

Selective attention is facilitated, enhanced, and improved by way of the ___ of the brainstem, which acts as the origin point of neurons, which project to the cerebraal cortex and release ___ neurotransmitter(s) .

About 3%-5% of school-aged children are diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) . This neurobehavioral problem is anatomically linked, primarily, to which area of dysfunction in the brain?

Conceptual aphasia is a result of damage to

When a person loses consciousness, working memory is interrupted and memories are abolished for all that happened for a variable period of time before the blow that caused unconsciousness. Why?

Damage to that part of the brain known as Broca's area is likely to

About 3%-5% of school-aged children are diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) . This neurobehavioral problem is anatomically linked, primarily, to which area of dysfunction in the brain?

Symptoms of withdrawal when drug use is stopped

Damage to which of the following brain structures is most likely to result in difficulty in being able to remember meeting new people?

Which of the following best explains how the phenomenon of "tolerance" develops with use of psychoactive drugs over time?

The most nearly correct sequence of activation of brain areas when one responds in writing to a verbal command is:

The transfer of working memory into long-term memory is

Anterograde amnesia is associated with damage to all of the following structures of the brain, except

Regarding psychoactive drugs,

Damage to that part of the brain known as Wernicke's area is likely to

A person with bilateral damage to the hippocampus will probably

Regarding psychoactive drugs,

Which of the following is an example of declarative memory?

In most people, all of the following functions are lateralized to the left hemisphere except

Selective attention is facilitated, enhanced, and improved by way of the _ of the brainstem, which acts as the origin point of neurons, which project to the cerebraal cortex and release _ neurotransmitter(s) .