Question 1

Which of the following patients is at highest risk for developing a pulmonary embolus?
A) 36-year-old woman with a history of alcohol abuse who is recovering from a gastric ulcer
B) 21-year-old male with a hemophilia bleeding disorder
C) 72-year-old male who is recovering from hip replacement surgery in the hospital
D) 28-year-old woman who had a baby 6 months earlier

Accepted Answer

Patients who have undergone major surgery, especially orthopedic surgeries like hip replacement, are at the highest risk for developing a pulmonary embolus due to immobility and stasis of blood in the legs, which can lead to the formation of blood clots that may dislodge and travel to the lungs. The other options may also have risk factors for pulmonary embolus, but not as high as a post-surgical patient.

Question 2

A 60-year-old male with a 40-year history of smoking presents with chest pain, cough, sputum production, and pneumonia. Tests reveal widespread metastatic cancer. Which of following is the most likely type of cancer?
A) Adenoma
B) Non-small cell carcinoma
C) Small cell carcinoma
D) Squamous cell carcinoma

Accepted Answer

The answer of A 60-year-old male with a 40-year history...

Question 3

Which of the following shows a correct sequence of events in pulmonary embolism?
A) Hypoxic vasoconstriction occurs, causing an increase in surfactant production.
B) Dead space develops, causing dislodgement of a portion of the thrombus.
C) Hypoxemia inhibits the production of surfactant, causing alveolar collapse.
D) Alveoli collapse, causing an increase in the ventilation-perfusion ratio.

Accepted Answer

In pulmonary embolism, a thrombus (blood clot) lodges in a pulmonary artery, blocking blood flow to the lung tissue supplied by that artery. This results in a decrease in oxygen supply to the lung tissue, causing hypoxemia (low oxygen levels in the blood). Hypoxemia inhibits the production of surfactant, which is a substance that helps to keep the alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs) inflated. The loss of surfactant can cause alveolar collapse (atelectasis), leading to a decrease in lung compliance and an increase in the ventilation-perfusion ratio. Hypoxic vasoconstriction may occur as a response to the reduced oxygen supply, but it does not cause an increase in surfactant production. Dead space may develop if blood flow is diverted to other areas of the lung, but it does not cause dislodgement of the thrombus.

Question 4

Secondary pulmonary hypertension is usually caused by:
A) chronic pulmonary disease.
B) right heart failure.
C) hereditary traits.
D) orthostatic hypotension.

Accepted Answer

Chronic pulmonary disease, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is a common cause of secondary pulmonary hypertension. Chronic lung diseases can cause narrowing and increased pressure in the blood vessels of the lungs, leading to pulmonary hypertension. Right heart failure may develop as a result of secondary pulmonary hypertension, but it is not the primary cause. Hereditary traits may be a factor in some cases of pulmonary hypertension, but it is not the most common cause of secondary pulmonary hypertension. Orthostatic hypotension (low blood pressure when standing up) is not a cause of secondary pulmonary hypertension.

Question 5

A 30-year-old male prison inmate contracted tuberculosis during an outbreak. He can transmit this disease through:
A) skin contact.
B) fecal-oral contact.
C) airborne droplets.
D) blood transfusions.

Accepted Answer

Tuberculosis is primarily transmitted through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. It is not transmitted through skin contact, fecal-oral contact, or blood transfusions.

Question 6

A massive pulmonary embolism will most likely lead to:
A) damage to the lung microcapillaries.
B) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
C) disseminated intravascular coagulation.
D) shock and death.

Accepted Answer

A massive pulmonary embolism can lead to blockage of blood flow to the lungs, which can result in shock and death if not promptly treated. Options A, B, and C may also occur as complications, but are not the most likely outcome.

Question 7

A 70-year-old female is in the hospital for pelvic fracture. She develops pulmonary thromboembolism. This condition is the result of occlusion of a portion of the pulmonary vascular bed by an embolus of:
A) fat.
B) air.
C) tissue fragment.
D) blood clot.

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary thromboembolism is the occlusion of a portion of the pulmonary vascular bed by an embolus of blood clot. This clot usually originates in the leg veins and travels to the lungs, causing obstruction of blood flow and leading to pulmonary hypertension, right heart failure, and death if not treated promptly. Other types of emboli that can cause pulmonary embolism include fat, air, and tissue fragments, but these are less common.

Question 8

An 80-year-old female is in the hospital for bone fracture. While there she develops a large, nonlethal pulmonary embolus. Which of the following is a direct result of the obstruction to blood flow?
A) Pulmonary hypertension
B) Systemic hypertension
C) Pulmonary edema
D) Risk of cerebral emboli

Accepted Answer

Obstruction of blood flow to the lungs can cause an increase in pressure within the pulmonary circulation leading to pulmonary hypertension. Systemic hypertension is not a direct result of this obstruction. Pulmonary edema and risk of cerebral emboli are possible complications of pulmonary embolus but not a direct result of obstruction to blood flow.

Question 9

A 50-year-old male is diagnosed with pulmonary embolism. Which of the following symptoms most likely occurred before treatment?
A) Dry cough and inspiratory crackles
B) Shallow respirations and wheezing
C) Chest pain and shortness of breath
D) Kussmaul respirations and back pain

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary embolism commonly presents with chest pain and shortness of breath as the blood clot obstructs blood flow to the lungs, leading to reduced oxygenation and potentially life-threatening complications. Dry cough and inspiratory crackles may be seen in other respiratory conditions such as pneumonia, while shallow respirations and wheezing may be seen in asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Kussmaul respirations and back pain are not typically associated with pulmonary embolism.

Question 10

A 60-year-old male undergoes surgery for a bone fracture. Which of the following measures would be most effective for preventing pulmonary emboli in this patient?
A) Ensure that patient uses supplemental oxygen.
B) Prevent deep vein thrombosis formation.
C) Check hematocrit and hemoglobin levels frequently during the postoperative period.
D) Promote aggressive fluid intake.

Accepted Answer

Prevention of deep vein thrombosis formation is the most effective measure for preventing pulmonary emboli in a postoperative patient. Immobilization, surgery, and trauma increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis formation, which can lead to pulmonary embolism. Prophylaxis against deep vein thrombosis should be initiated in all patients undergoing major surgery or with restricted mobility. Supplemental oxygen, monitoring hematocrit and hemoglobin levels, and promoting aggressive fluid intake may be helpful in managing postoperative complications, but they are not specific measures for preventing pulmonary emboli.

Question 11

Pulmonary hypertension is defined as a rise in pulmonary artery pressure of _____ mm Hg above normal.
A) 5 to 10
B) 10 to 15
C) 15 to 20
D) 20 to 25

Accepted Answer

The answer of Pulmonary hypertension is defined as a rise...

Question 12

A 50-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking was diagnosed with lung cancer. He was previously exposed to air pollution, asbestos, and radiation at his job. Which of the following most likely had the greatest impact on development of his cancer?
A) Radiation
B) Cigarette smoke
C) Asbestos
D) Air pollution

Accepted Answer

The most likely cause of this patient's lung cancer is cigarette smoke, as he has a 30-year history of smoking. While exposure to air pollution, asbestos, and radiation at his job may have also contributed to his cancer, smoking is the most significant risk factor for lung cancer.

Question 13

Nosocomial pneumonia is generally acquired:
A) at day care centers.
B) on airplanes.
C) during hospitalization.
D) in the winter season.

Accepted Answer

Nosocomial pneumonia, also known as hospital-acquired pneumonia, is acquired during hospitalization. It is a type of pneumonia that develops 48 hours or more after admission to the hospital and is not present at the time of admission. It is often caused by bacteria that are already present in the hospital environment and can be difficult to treat due to antibiotic resistance.

Question 14

A 30-year-old male prison inmate contracted tuberculosis during an outbreak. The organism that caused this condition is a:
A) bacterium.
B) fungus.
C) virus.
D) parasite.

Accepted Answer

Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium, specifically Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Quiz 26: Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Which of the following patients is at highest risk for developing a pulmonary embolus?

A 60-year-old male with a 40-year history of smoking presents with chest pain, cough, sputum production, and pneumonia. Tests reveal widespread metastatic cancer. Which of following is the most likely type of cancer?

Which of the following shows a correct sequence of events in pulmonary embolism?

Secondary pulmonary hypertension is usually caused by:

A 30-year-old male prison inmate contracted tuberculosis during an outbreak. He can transmit this disease through:

A massive pulmonary embolism will most likely lead to:

A 70-year-old female is in the hospital for pelvic fracture. She develops pulmonary thromboembolism. This condition is the result of occlusion of a portion of the pulmonary vascular bed by an embolus of:

An 80-year-old female is in the hospital for bone fracture. While there she develops a large, nonlethal pulmonary embolus. Which of the following is a direct result of the obstruction to blood flow?

A 50-year-old male is diagnosed with pulmonary embolism. Which of the following symptoms most likely occurred before treatment?

A 60-year-old male undergoes surgery for a bone fracture. Which of the following measures would be most effective for preventing pulmonary emboli in this patient?

Pulmonary hypertension is defined as a rise in pulmonary artery pressure of _____ mm Hg above normal.

A 50-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking was diagnosed with lung cancer. He was previously exposed to air pollution, asbestos, and radiation at his job. Which of the following most likely had the greatest impact on development of his cancer?

Nosocomial pneumonia is generally acquired:

A 30-year-old male prison inmate contracted tuberculosis during an outbreak. The organism that caused this condition is a: