Question 1

Following neurotransmitter activation of chemically gated channels, A) the Na⁺ channels open for a brief time generating a local current. B) the cell may reach threshold. C) the inside of the membrane becomes more positive D) a local potential is generated E) All of these are correct.

Accepted Answer

All of these statements are correct. When neurotransmitter activation of chemically gated channels occurs, the channels open briefly, allowing for the movement of ions across the membrane. The influx of positively charged ions (such as Na+) generates a local potential, making the inside of the membrane more positive. If the depolarization is strong enough to reach threshold, an action potential may be generated.

Question 2

The type of memory that is retained for a few seconds or minutes and is limited by the number of pieces of information is called:
A) working memory
B) declarative memory
C) procedural memory
D) implicit memory
E) explicit memory

Accepted Answer

Working memory is the type of memory that is retained for a few seconds or minutes and is limited by the number of pieces of information. It is often referred to as short-term memory or temporary memory. Working memory is used to temporarily store information that is needed to complete cognitive tasks, such as reading, problem-solving, and decision-making.

Question 3

The limbic system:
A) influences long term declarative memory
B) influences motivation and mood
C) influences visceral responses to emotions
D) receives sensory input from the olfactory nerves
E) all of these

Accepted Answer

The limbic system is involved in many functions including long term declarative memory, motivation and mood, visceral responses to emotions, and receives sensory input from the olfactory nerves. Therefore, all of these choices are correct.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about summation in the nervous system is INCORRECT?
A) Summation of signals in neuronal pathways allows integration of multiple subthreshold changes in local potential.
B) Spatial summation occurs when local potentials originate from different locations on the posynaptic neuron.
C) Spatial summation also occurs when local potentials overlap in time.
D) Both spatial and temporal summation can lead to either inhibition or stimulation depending upon the signal type.
E) A single presynaptic action potential usually does not cause a sufficiently large postsynaptic local potential to cause the postsynaptic cell to reach threshold.

Accepted Answer

Spatial summation refers to the combination of signals that are received at different locations on the neuron's membrane, not to their timing. Temporal summation, on the other hand, involves signals that arrive at the same location but at different times.

Question 5

The coccygeal plexus:
A) supplies motor innervation to the muscles of the pelvic floor
B) supplies sensory cutaneous innervation to the skin over the coccyx
C) supplies sensory cutaneous innervation to the lower leg and ankle
D) supplies motor innervation to the muscles of the pelvic floor and supplies sensory cutaneous innervation to the skin over the coccyx
E) All of these

Accepted Answer

The coccygeal plexus supplies motor innervation to the muscles of the pelvic floor and sensory cutaneous innervation to the skin over the coccyx. It does not supply sensory cutaneous innervation to the lower leg and ankle. Therefore, options A, B, and C are incorrect.

Question 6

Continuous conduction of the action potential
A) occurs in myelinated axons
B) occurs primarily in unmyelinated axons
C) is a function of the nodes of Ranvier
D) is quicker than saltatory conduction
E) occurs in myelinated axons and is quicker than saltatory conduction

Accepted Answer

Continuous conduction occurs primarily in unmyelinated axons where there are no interruptions in the plasma membrane. In these axons, the action potential spreads continuously along the entire length of the axon. Myelinated axons use saltatory conduction which is faster than continuous conduction because the action potential jumps from node to node, skipping the myelinated regions of the axon.

Question 7

Leak ion channels:
A) open in response to changes in the membrane potential
B) are always open
C) open in response to neurotransmitters or other chemicals
D) are closed until opened by specific signals
E) are responsible for the generation of the action potential in neurons

Accepted Answer

Leak ion channels are always open, allowing ions to move across the cell membrane and contributing to the resting membrane potential of the cell. They do not open or close in response to specific signals but rather provide a constant pathway for ions.

Question 8

Which of the following are major functions of the nervous system?
A) receive sensory input
B) integrate information
C) maintain homeostasis
D) control muscles and glands
E) all of these are major functions of the nervous system

Accepted Answer

All of the listed functions - receiving sensory input, integrating information, maintaining homeostasis, and controlling muscles and glands - are considered major functions of the nervous system.

Question 9

Sophia is taking her Anatomy and Physiology test. An EEG of her brain would most likely show a higher frequency of which of the following wave types?
A) Alpha waves
B) Beta waves
C) Delta waves
D) Theta waves
E) Gamma waves

Accepted Answer

Beta waves are associated with high levels of cognition and mental activity, making them the most likely wave type to appear during a test of complex subjects such as Anatomy and Physiology.

Question 10

The type of memory that is involved with the retaining of facts such as names or dates as well as associated emotional undertones is called:
A) short term memory
B) declarative memory
C) procedural memory
D) implicit memory
E) working memory

Accepted Answer

Declarative memory is the type of memory that involves the retention of factual information, including names, dates, and personal experiences with associated emotional undertones. Short term memory is involved with the temporary holding and manipulation of information, working memory is a type of short term memory that involves actively manipulating information, procedural memory is involved with the retention of skills and habits, and implicit memory is involved with the retention of information without conscious awareness.

Question 11

The type of memory that is involved with the development of motor skills such as riding a bike is called:
A) short term memory
B) declarative memory
C) procedural memory
D) explicit memory
E) working memory

Accepted Answer

Procedural memory is the type of memory that is involved with the development of motor skills such as riding a bike. It is a type of long-term, implicit memory that allows individuals to perform skills and tasks without conscious thought or awareness. Short term, declarative, explicit, and working memory are not specifically related to the development of motor skills.

Question 12

In a neuron, short, branching cytoplasmic extensions that receive information and carry it to the cell body are called
A) dendrites.
B) axons.
C) cell bodies.
D) axon hillock.
E) a myelin sheath.

Accepted Answer

Dendrites are short, branching cytoplasmic extensions that receive information from other neurons or sensory cells and carry it toward the cell body. Axons, in contrast, carry information away from the cell body to other neurons or effector cells. The cell body, or soma, contains the nucleus and other organelles necessary for the neuron's functioning. The axon hillock is the portion of the neuron where the axon arises from the cell body. Myelin sheaths are insulating layers of fatty material that wrap around some axons to increase the speed of action potentials.

Question 13

Which of the following represents the usual progression of brain activity in a normal person falling asleep?
A) alpha waves dominate then transition to beta waves then comes a transition to theta waves
B) beta waves dominate then transition to alpha waves then comes a transition to delta waves
C) alpha waves dominate then transition to beta waves then comes a transition to delta waves
D) delta waves dominate then transition to alpha waves then comes a transition to theta waves
E) theta waves dominate then transition to alpha waves then comes a transition to beta waves

Accepted Answer

In the usual progression of brain activity when a normal person falls asleep, beta waves (associated with wakefulness and concentration) give way to alpha waves (associated with relaxation and the transition between being awake and asleep), which then transition to delta waves (associated with deep sleep).

Question 14

Which of the following is not TRUE of K⁺ leak channels? A) are always open. B) are 50 - 100 times more prevalent than Na⁺ leak channels. C) have the greatest contribution to the resting potential of the cell. D) are responsible for the depolarization phase of the action potential. E) allow K⁺ ions to "leak" down their concentration gradient and out of the cell.

Accepted Answer

K⁺ leak channels are not responsible for the depolarization phase of the action potential. The depolarization phase is due to the opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels.

Question 15

Every morning Alessandra sits in a quiet room with her eyes closed and allows her brain to rest before the start of her busy work day. An EEG of her brain would most likely show a higher frequency of which of the following wave types?
A) Alpha waves
B) Beta waves
C) Delta waves
D) Theta waves
E) Gamma waves

Accepted Answer

Alpha waves are associated with relaxation and a calm, resting state, which matches Alessandra's morning routine of allowing her brain to rest before beginning her busy work day.

Question 16

Which of the following brain wave patterns are observed primarily in deep sleep, infants and patients with severe brain disorders?
A) Alpha waves
B) Beta waves
C) Delta waves
D) Theta waves
E) Gamma waves

Accepted Answer

Delta waves are observed primarily in deep sleep, infants and patients with severe brain disorders. Alpha waves are observed when someone is awake and relaxed, beta waves are observed when someone is alert and actively thinking, theta waves are observed during light sleep or drowsiness, and gamma waves are associated with higher levels of cognitive functioning such as perception and consciousness.

Question 17

Axons
A) may branch to form collateral axons.
B) have an axon hillock which is devoid of nissl bodies.
C) are often surrounded by a myelin sheath.
D) carry action potentials away from the cell body.
E) have all of these characteristics.

Accepted Answer

A) Axons may branch to form collateral axons. This is important for transmitting signals to multiple targets.
B) The axon hillock is a region of the axon that is devoid of nissl bodies, as it is responsible for initiating the action potential.
C) Axons are often surrounded by a myelin sheath, which helps to speed up the transmission of electrical signals.
D) Axons carry action potentials away from the cell body towards the axon terminals, where they can stimulate the release of neurotransmitters.

Question 18

Local potentials A) are propagated down the length of the axon B) if strong enough, activate voltage gated channels to initiate and action potential. C) are another name for action potentials D) are produced by the brief influx of K⁺ from the neuron E) are produced by the brief efflux of Na⁺ from the neuron

Accepted Answer

Local potentials are small changes in the membrane potential that occur in response to stimulation of a neuron. They are graded, meaning the amplitude of the potential varies with the strength of the stimulus. Local potentials can be depolarizing (moving the membrane potential closer to the threshold for an action potential) or hyperpolarizing (moving the membrane potential further from the threshold for an action potential). If a depolarizing local potential is strong enough, it can activate voltage-gated channels to initiate an action potential. Local potentials do not propagate down the entire length of the axon, but rather they attenuate (weaken) as they spread along the membrane.

Question 19

Voltage - gated ion channels:
A) open in response to changes in the membrane potential
B) are always open
C) open in response to neurotransmitters or other chemicals
D) are responsible for the generation of the action potential in neurons
E) open in response to changes in the membrane potential and are responsible for the generation of the action potential in neurons

Accepted Answer

Voltage-gated ion channels open in response to changes in the membrane potential and are responsible for the generation of the action potential in neurons. This is because they allow for the influx of positively charged ions (such as sodium) into the cell, which depolarizes the membrane and triggers the action potential.

Question 20

If you are experiencing extreme frustration, your brain is more likely to exhibit which type of wave pattern?
A) Alpha waves
B) Beta waves
C) Delta waves
D) Theta waves
E) Gamma waves

Accepted Answer

Theta waves are associated with deep sleep and relaxation. When you are experiencing extreme frustration, your brain is more likely to exhibit theta waves.

Quiz 8: Nervous System

Following neurotransmitter activation of chemically gated channels,

The type of memory that is retained for a few seconds or minutes and is limited by the number of pieces of information is called:

The limbic system:

Which of the following statements about summation in the nervous system is INCORRECT?

The coccygeal plexus:

Continuous conduction of the action potential

Leak ion channels:

Which of the following are major functions of the nervous system?

Sophia is taking her Anatomy and Physiology test. An EEG of her brain would most likely show a higher frequency of which of the following wave types?

The type of memory that is involved with the retaining of facts such as names or dates as well as associated emotional undertones is called:

The type of memory that is involved with the development of motor skills such as riding a bike is called:

In a neuron, short, branching cytoplasmic extensions that receive information and carry it to the cell body are called

Which of the following represents the usual progression of brain activity in a normal person falling asleep?

Which of the following is not TRUE of K+ leak channels?

Every morning Alessandra sits in a quiet room with her eyes closed and allows her brain to rest before the start of her busy work day. An EEG of her brain would most likely show a higher frequency of which of the following wave types?

Which of the following brain wave patterns are observed primarily in deep sleep, infants and patients with severe brain disorders?

Axons

Local potentials

Voltage - gated ion channels:

If you are experiencing extreme frustration, your brain is more likely to exhibit which type of wave pattern?

Which of the following is not TRUE of K⁺ leak channels?