Question 1

I If babies play longer with both blue and red fuzzy toys as opposed to both blue and red smooth toys), then

Accepted Answer

The main effect of fuzziness is observed because the preference for toys by babies is influenced by the texture (fuzzy vs. smooth), regardless of the color. This indicates that the texture alone has a significant impact on the babies' playtime, demonstrating a main effect.

Question 2

With a synergistic interaction,

Accepted Answer

In a synergistic interaction, higher levels of one independent variable increase the effect of another independent variable.

Question 3

Which one of the following is not a type of interaction?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which one of the following is not...

Question 4

If neither Variable A nor Variable B has a main effect you can have

Accepted Answer

The answer of If neither Variable A nor Variable B...

Question 5

If one variable has a smaller effect when paired with higher levels of a second variable, you have an)

Accepted Answer

The answer of If one variable has a smaller effect...

Question 6

In a two-by-two factorial design, you find that the high level of caffeine paired with high level of sugar produces the most memory improvement. Your results show

Accepted Answer

The fact that high levels of caffeine paired with high levels of sugar produce the most memory improvement indicates a synergistic interaction. This means that the combined effect of caffeine and sugar is greater than the sum of their individual effects.

Question 7

In order to tell if there is an interaction, you need to consider the

Accepted Answer

To determine if there is an interaction between two variables, you need to examine the cell means (i.e., the mean of the dependent variable for each combination of the two independent variables). If the cell means are different from what you would expect based on the main effects of the two variables, then there may be an interaction. Examining the row means and column means alone won't allow you to identify an interaction. Examining the printout of the statistics can provide information about the significance of any observed differences in cell means, but it doesn't tell you whether there is an interaction.

Question 8

If babies play longer with green fuzzy toys than yellow fuzzy toys, green smooth toys, or yellow smooth toys, then

Accepted Answer

The fact that babies play longer with green fuzzy toys and not with other types of toys suggests that there is an interaction between color and fuzziness. They do not show a preference for either color or fuzziness alone, but rather a combination of the two. Therefore, there is no main effect of color or fuzziness, and fuzziness is not a confounding variable as it is relevant to the question being asked.

Question 9

The effect of one variable averaged over the effect of another variable in a factorial design is called

Accepted Answer

The effect of one variable averaged over the effect of another variable in a factorial design is called a main effect. The other options are not correct as an interaction refers to how the effect of one variable differs across levels of another variable, a cell mean refers to the average score of a group in a specific cell of the design, and a statistical anomaly is not a relevant term in this context.

Question 10

f the results of an experiment show that the judge's decisions are affected when smiling occurs in a defendant who is attractive as opposed to when the defendant is unattractive or frowning), the results indicate

Accepted Answer

The results indicate an interaction between the defendant's attractiveness and their facial expression (smiling or frowning) on the judge's decision. An interaction occurs when the effect of one variable (attractiveness) depends on the level of another variable (facial expression). This suggests that the judge's decision is influenced by both attractiveness and facial expression, rather than just one of them having a main effect. Option D is not a valid choice, as there is no information to suggest that the judge is unethical based on the results of the experiment.

Question 11

If babies play longer with both red smooth and red fuzzy toys as opposed to both blue smooth and blue fuzzy toys), then

Accepted Answer

The preference for red toys over blue toys, regardless of texture (smooth or fuzzy), indicates a main effect of color on the babies' playtime.

Question 12

An advertiser is interested in the effects of color and size of containers on people's tendency to buy a certain brand of cereal. He prepares containers consisting of all combinations of color with size and asks each of a group of subjects which of the containers they would be most and least likely to buy. What type of design does this study represent?

Accepted Answer

This study represents a within-subjects factorial design because it is examining the effects of two independent variables (color and size of containers) on the same dependent variable (people's tendency to buy a certain brand of cereal) within the same group of subjects. The fact that all combinations of color and size are being tested further supports the within-subjects design.

Question 13

Is it possible to have an interaction when there are no main effects in a factorial design?

Accepted Answer

Yes, it is possible to have an interaction when there are no main effects in a factorial design. This means that the effect of one independent variable may depend on the level of another independent variable, even if there is no significant main effect for either variable on its own.

Question 14

The results of a 2 x 2 experiment will fit one of _______ possible patterns

Accepted Answer

In a 2 x 2 experiment, there are 8 possible patterns for the results. This is because each of the two factors can either have an effect or not, and there can be an interaction effect between them or not, leading to 2^3 = 8 possible outcomes.

Question 15

There is an interaction if

Accepted Answer

An interaction occurs when the effect of one variable (Variable A, in this case) depends on the level of another variable (Variable B). Therefore, the best choice is D, which states that the effect of Variable A depends on the level of B. The other choices (A, B, and C) do not describe an interaction.

Question 16

Dr. Caster decides to perform an experiment investigating the effects of caffeine and sugar on motor skill performance. He randomly assigns his subjects to one of four groups: high caffeine/high sugar, high caffeine/no sugar, no caffeine/high sugar, no caffeine/no sugar. People in each group are given a soft drink containing the appropriate levels of sugar and caffeine, and then tested on a mirror tracing task. Dr. Caster finds that the people in two of the groups the high caffeine/high sugar and the no caffeine/no sugar) perform at about the same high level, while the other two groups the no caffeine/high sugar and high caffeine/no sugar) perform at about the same poor level. Dr. Caster's results show

Accepted Answer

The results show an antagonistic interaction because the combination of high caffeine and high sugar or no caffeine and no sugar leads to high performance, while the other combinations lead to poor performance, indicating that the effects of caffeine and sugar counteract each other.

Question 17

When two variables interact

Accepted Answer

When two variables interact, the effect of one variable depends on the level of the other, and the main effect cannot be interpreted without discussing the interaction. Therefore, both choices A and B are correct.

Question 18

Suppose a researcher investigated the judgments of guilt made by jurors in response to attractiveness attractive vs unattractive) and facial expression neutral vs smiling). The results indicated a main effect for attractiveness as your only significant finding. This would mean that

Accepted Answer

A main effect for attractiveness means that attractiveness alone was responsible for the juror guilt decisions, regardless of facial expression. The lack of a significant main effect for facial expression suggests that it did not have a significant impact on the judgments of guilt.

Question 19

Which one of the following statements is always true when an interaction exists between the variables in a factorial design?

Accepted Answer

An interaction in a factorial design means that the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable changes depending on the level of the other independent variable. This implies that the influence of one variable is not consistent across all levels of the other variable, which is what option A describes.

Question 20

An interaction in which two independent variables tend to reverse each other's effects is referred to as an)

Accepted Answer

An antagonistic interaction is when two independent variables tend to reverse each other's effects. This is different from a synergistic interaction where the independent variables work together to produce a greater effect. The term ceiling effect interaction typically refers to a situation in which increasing levels of the independent variable have no further effect on the dependent variable, so it is not relevant to this question. Choice D is incorrect because it lists both a and c, but c is not applicable to this question.

Quiz 11: True Experiments, Part 2 Factorial Designs

I If babies play longer with both blue and red fuzzy toys as opposed to both blue and red smooth toys) , then