Question 1

When people try to quit drugs to which they are addicted, exposure to drug-related cues may trigger
A) compensatory URs, increasing drug cravings.
B) compensatory CRs, increasing drug cravings.
C) compensatory URs, decreasing drug cravings.
D) compensatory CRs, decreasing drug cravings.

Accepted Answer

Exposure to drug-related cues may trigger compensatory conditioned responses (CRs) that increase drug cravings. These CRs are learned associations between environmental cues and the drug, and they can be incredibly powerful in driving drug-seeking behavior. Even after someone has gone through drug treatment and is trying to stay clean, exposure to these cues can be a major trigger for relapse.

Question 2

When drug users depart from their normal drug routines, the risk of overdosing from their typical drug dosage
A) decreases because compensatory CRs occur.
B) increases because compensatory URs occur.
C) decreases because compensatory URs do not occur.
D) increases because compensatory CRs do not occur.

Accepted Answer

Compensatory CRs (conditioned responses) are learned reactions that the body develops to counteract the effects of drugs. When drug users depart from their normal drug routines, these compensatory CRs are not triggered, which means that the drug user's body may not be able to counteract the usual effects of the drug. Therefore, the risk of overdosing from their typical drug dosage increases.

Question 3

A woman reported feeling "weak in the knees" whenever she smelled cigarette smoke and Beemans gum because of the association of these smells with her first love. In this example, the combined smell of cigarettes and Beemans gum would be
A) a conditioned response.
B) an unconditioned response.
C) a conditioned stimulus.
D) an unconditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The smell of cigarette smoke and Beemans gum would be a conditioned stimulus because it has become associated with the woman's first love through the process of classical conditioning. The woman's feeling of being "weak in the knees" in response to this smell is a conditioned response.

Question 4

Stimulus contiguity refers to whether the stimuli
A) occur together in time.
B) occur together in space.
C) occur together in time and space.
D) have been conditioned prior to the current trial.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Stimulus contiguity refers to whether the stimuli
A)...

Question 5

Classical conditioning could easily account for how a young child might learn to
A) become potty-trained.
B) feed himself.
C) pick up his toys.
D) fear the dentist.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is a type of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus that naturally triggers a response. Fear of the dentist can be learned through classical conditioning, where a previously neutral stimulus (the dentist) becomes associated with an unpleasant experience (such as a painful procedure or scary noises). As a result, the child may develop a fear or anxiety about going to the dentist in the future. The other choices, such as potty-training, feeding oneself, and picking up toys, involve more complex learning processes and are not as easily explained by classical conditioning.

Question 6

When advertisers pair their products with attractive people or enjoyable surroundings, in the hope that the pairings will cause their products to evoke good feelings, they are using principles derived from
A) classical conditioning.
B) state-dependent learning.
C) observational learning.
D) operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a naturally evocative stimulus to elicit a certain response. In this case, advertisers are pairing their products with attractive people or enjoyable surroundings in hopes that the positive feelings associated with those people or surroundings will become associated with their products.

Question 7

Researchers have found that animals show evidence of classical conditioning if they are injected with a drug that chemically causes immunosuppression, while they are simultaneously drinking an unusual-tasting liquid. In these studies, the conditioned response would be
A) the immunosuppression.
B) the taste of the liquid that is used.
C) the injection of the drug.
D) fear of the injection process.

Accepted Answer

The conditioned response in classical conditioning is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus, which in this case is the immunosuppression that occurs as a reaction to the unusual-tasting liquid after conditioning, not the initial unconditioned response to the drug.

Question 8

Compensatory CRs tend to
A) amplify some of the actual effects of psychoactive drugs.
B) cancel out some of the anticipated effects of psychoactive drugs.
C) become weaker over time and eventually disappear.
D) disrupt homeostasis.

Accepted Answer

Compensatory conditioned responses (CRs) are physiological reactions that counteract the effects of a drug, thereby canceling out some of the anticipated effects and helping maintain homeostasis.

Question 9

Compensatory CRs are
A) maladaptive in the short-run, but adaptive in the long-run.
B) maladaptive in both the short-run and the long-run.
C) adaptive in the short-run, but maladaptive in the long-run.
D) adaptive in both the short-run and the long-run.

Accepted Answer

Compensatory CRs are adaptive in the short-run as they help individuals cope with negative experiences or stimuli. However, in the long-run, these coping mechanisms may become maladaptive and interfere with the individual's overall functioning and well-being. For example, if a person uses alcohol as a coping mechanism for stress, it may initially help them feel better, but in the long-run, it can lead to alcohol dependence and negative health consequences.

Question 10

Becky has an intense fear of dogs. Her fear dates back to when as a young child she was attacked and bitten by a stray dog. Her dog phobia developed as a result of
A) operant conditioning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) observational learning.
D) negative reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

Becky's fear of dogs was developed through classical conditioning, as she associates dogs with the negative experience of being attacked and bitten by a stray dog.

Question 11

A compensatory conditioned response is one that
A) is opposite in direction to the unconditioned response (UR).
B) develops without a conditioned stimulus being present.
C) develops without an unconditioned stimulus being present.
D) is in the same direction as the unconditioned response.

Accepted Answer

A compensatory conditioned response is a response that counteracts or opposes the effects of the unconditioned response, often seen in drug tolerance where the body prepares to counteract the drug's effects.

Question 12

Eduardo's mother always wore Chantille perfume, and when she would hug him or hold him close he could smell that scent. Today, whenever he catches a whiff of Chantille perfume, it makes him feel calm and relaxed. The learning process that could best account for Eduardo's response to the scent of Chantille perfume is
A) operant conditioning.
B) observational learning.
C) classical conditioning.
D) delayed reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

Eduardo's response to the scent of Chantille perfume suggests classical conditioning. The smell of the perfume (neutral stimulus) became associated with his mother's hugs (unconditioned stimulus), leading to a learned response (feeling calm and relaxed) when exposed to the scent (now a conditioned stimulus).

Question 13

Examples of behaviors learned through classical conditioning would include all the following EXCEPT
A) both pleasant and unpleasant emotional responses.
B) simple reflexive behaviors such as blinking.
C) the physiological functioning of the immune system.
D) voluntary behaviors such as setting the table for dinner.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Examples of behaviors learned through classical conditioning...

Question 14

The initial stage of learning a response is called
A) extinction.
B) contiguity.
C) acquisition.
D) conditioning.

Accepted Answer

The initial stage of learning a response is called acquisition, where the animal or person learns to associate a specific action or behavior with a particular outcome or consequence. Extinction refers to the weakening of a previously learned behavior due to removal of reinforcement. Contiguity refers to the temporal pairing of a response with a stimulus, which is important in classical conditioning. Conditioning refers to the overall process of learning associations between stimuli and/or responses.

Question 15

A woman reported feeling "weak in the knees" whenever she smelled cigarette smoke and Beemans gum because of the association of these smells with her first love. The positive emotional response that this woman experienced developed through
A) secondary reinforcement.
B) classical conditioning.
C) observational learning.
D) operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

The association between the smell of cigarette smoke and Beemans gum with the feeling of being "weak in the knees" is an example of classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus (smell of cigarette smoke and Beemans gum) becomes associated with a naturally occurring response (feelings of love and excitement).

Question 16

Every Sunday morning when Benjamin was a young child, his family would have a special breakfast complete with freshly baked cinnamon rolls. To this day he finds himself smiling whenever he smells cinnamon rolls baking. The smell of the cinnamon rolls is ____ for his positive feelings.
A) a conditioned stimulus.
B) an unconditioned stimulus.
C) a discriminative stimulus.
D) a cue.

Accepted Answer

The smell of baking cinnamon rolls has become associated with positive feelings for Benjamin. This means that it is a conditioned stimulus, because it is a previously neutral stimulus (the smell of cinnamon rolls) that has acquired the ability to elicit a specific response (positive feelings) through its repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus (the special breakfasts).

Question 17

A woman reported feeling "weak in the knees" whenever she smelled cigarette smoke and Beemans gum because of the association of these smells with her first love. In this example, her "weak knees" would be
A) an unconditioned response.
B) a conditioned stimulus.
C) an unconditioned stimulus.
D) a conditioned response.

Accepted Answer

The woman's "weak knees" are a response that has been conditioned to the smells of cigarette smoke and Beemans gum, which are the conditioned stimuli. Therefore, the correct answer is D, a conditioned response.

Question 18

According to Pavlov, the key to classical conditioning is the
A) strength of the US.
B) strength of the CS.
C) resistance to extinction brought about by sign-releasing stimuli.
D) stimulus contiguity.

Accepted Answer

Pavlov believed that classical conditioning involves the learning of associations between stimuli through their temporal contiguity, or proximity in time. Therefore, the key to classical conditioning is stimulus contiguity. The strength of the US and CS and resistance to extinction may also play a role in classical conditioning, but they are not the primary factor.

Question 19

A major automaker has developed a series of television commercials that show its cars in the great outdoors, in peaceful settings, away from the hustle and bustle of big cities. They hope that seeing the cars in these settings will condition good feelings about their cars. This particular auto maker is attempting to use
A) classical conditioning in its advertising campaign.
B) operant conditioning in its advertising campaign.
C) observational learning in its advertising campaign.
D) noncontingent reinforcement in its advertising campaign.

Accepted Answer

The automaker is attempting to use classical conditioning by pairing their cars with peaceful outdoor settings in order to condition good feelings about their cars.

Question 20

The study by Domjan et al. (1988), which investigated the adaptive significance of sexual conditioning, may shed some light on
A) how erectile dysfunction may develop in humans.
B) why some species fail to reproduce and become extinct.
C) how sexual fetishes develop in humans.
D) the evolutionary causes of infertility in humans.

Accepted Answer

The study by Domjan et al. (1988) focused on sexual conditioning, which is related to how certain stimuli can become associated with sexual arousal and behavior, potentially explaining the development of sexual fetishes in humans.

Quiz 11: Learning Part 1

When people try to quit drugs to which they are addicted, exposure to drug-related cues may trigger

When drug users depart from their normal drug routines, the risk of overdosing from their typical drug dosage

A woman reported feeling "weak in the knees" whenever she smelled cigarette smoke and Beemans gum because of the association of these smells with her first love. In this example, the combined smell of cigarettes and Beemans gum would be

Stimulus contiguity refers to whether the stimuli

Classical conditioning could easily account for how a young child might learn to

When advertisers pair their products with attractive people or enjoyable surroundings, in the hope that the pairings will cause their products to evoke good feelings, they are using principles derived from

Researchers have found that animals show evidence of classical conditioning if they are injected with a drug that chemically causes immunosuppression, while they are simultaneously drinking an unusual-tasting liquid. In these studies, the conditioned response would be

Compensatory CRs tend to

Compensatory CRs are

Becky has an intense fear of dogs. Her fear dates back to when as a young child she was attacked and bitten by a stray dog. Her dog phobia developed as a result of

A compensatory conditioned response is one that

Examples of behaviors learned through classical conditioning would include all the following EXCEPT

The initial stage of learning a response is called

A woman reported feeling "weak in the knees" whenever she smelled cigarette smoke and Beemans gum because of the association of these smells with her first love. The positive emotional response that this woman experienced developed through

Every Sunday morning when Benjamin was a young child, his family would have a special breakfast complete with freshly baked cinnamon rolls. To this day he finds himself smiling whenever he smells cinnamon rolls baking. The smell of the cinnamon rolls is ____ for his positive feelings.

A woman reported feeling "weak in the knees" whenever she smelled cigarette smoke and Beemans gum because of the association of these smells with her first love. In this example, her "weak knees" would be

According to Pavlov, the key to classical conditioning is the

The study by Domjan et al. (1988) , which investigated the adaptive significance of sexual conditioning, may shed some light on