Question 1

In classical conditioning a conditioned association is formed between a previously neutral, conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus, resulting in a conditioned response. The previously neutral stimulus is then referred to as the conditioned stimulus.

Question 2

People often incorrectly confuse punishment with ____________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of People often incorrectly confuse punishment with ____________________....

Question 3

Sally developed a nasty stomach flu a few hours after she ate sushi for the first time; now every time Sally sees sushi she feels sick to her stomach. Sally is demonstrating a(n) ____________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sally developed a nasty stomach flu a...

Question 4

____________________ reinforcement occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced; ____________________ reinforcement, occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ____________________ reinforcement occurs when every instance of...

Question 5

Observational learning occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called ____________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Observational learning occurs when an organism's responding...

Question 6

Problems associate with the application of physical punishment as a disciplinary procedure include ____________________ side effects, increased ____________________ behavior, and behavioral problems.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Problems associate with the application of physical...

Question 7

According to the law of effect, if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened.

Accepted Answer

The law of effect proposes that if a behavior is followed by a pleasant or desirable consequence, the likelihood of that behavior being repeated increases. Therefore, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened. This principle is fundamental in the field of psychology and is relevant to a wide range of behaviors and situations.

Question 8

____________________ reinforcement occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a desirable stimulus; while ____________________ reinforcement occurs when a response is strengthened as the result of the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ____________________ reinforcement occurs when a response is...

Question 9

Stimulus discrimination occurs when an organism has learned a response to a specific stimulus and does NOT respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.

Accepted Answer

This is the correct definition of stimulus discrimination.

Question 10

A toddler has an established conditioned fear of snow, over the past few weeks every time he sees Santa Claus, snow is always present. This example is an illustration of higher-order conditioning.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of higher-order conditioning because the conditioned fear of snow was established through association with Santa Claus, rather than directly with the snow itself. Santa Claus served as a conditioned stimulus that became associated with the unconditioned stimulus of snow, leading to a conditioned fear response.

Question 11

Resistance to extinction occurs when a previously extinguished response reappears after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Resistance to extinction occurs when a previously...

Question 12

In operant conditioning, ____________________ are events that typically precede the target response.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In operant conditioning, ____________________ are events that...

Question 13

Some studies have suggested that operant conditioning can elicit allergic reactions and may contribute to the growth of drug tolerances.

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning refers to the use of rewards and punishments to shape behavior. It is not known to directly elicit allergic reactions or contribute to drug tolerance. These processes are thought to involve other physiological mechanisms.

Question 14

In general, interval schedules of reinforcement tend to produce more rapid responding than ratio schedules.

Accepted Answer

Ratio schedules tend to produce more rapid responding because the reinforcement is based on the number of responses, whereas interval schedules require a certain amount of time to pass before reinforcement is given.

Question 15

____________________ stimuli are cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or nonreinforcement) of a response.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ____________________ stimuli are cues that influence operant...

Question 16

Social critics have expressed concern about the amount of violence on television since TV became popular and the majority of research into the impact of media violence on behavior has focused on the role of ____________________ learning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Social critics have expressed concern about the...

Question 17

Traffic lights serve as discriminative stimuli for the operant behavior of driving.

Accepted Answer

Traffic lights are discriminative stimuli for the operant behavior of driving because they signal the appropriate response (stopping, yielding, or proceeding) that will lead to reinforcement (avoiding accidents, getting to the destination on time, etc.).

Question 18

When a behavior is strengthened indirectly, through vicarious conditioning, the process at work is ____________________ learning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When a behavior is strengthened indirectly, through...

Question 19

According to the Skinner, if an event following a response leads to a decrease in an organism's tendency to make that response, reinforcement has occurred.

Accepted Answer

Reinforcement, according to Skinner, increases the likelihood of a behavior. If an event decreases the tendency to make a response, it is considered punishment, not reinforcement.

Question 20

If the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented alone, spontaneous recovery occurs.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented...

Quiz 12: Learning Part 2