Question 1

Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines
A) perception.
B) processing.
C) attention.
D) sensation.

Accepted Answer

Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events is the definition of attention. Perception refers to the interpretation of sensory information, processing refers to the information processing that occurs in the brain, and sensation refers to the detection of sensory information through the senses.

Question 2

Which of the following sequences represents progressively deeper levels of processing?
A) phonemic, semantic, structural
B) structural, semantic, phonemic
C) semantic, phonemic, structural
D) structural, phonemic, semantic

Accepted Answer

The levels of processing model suggests that deeper levels of processing result in more durable memory traces. Structural processing is shallow, phonemic is intermediate, and semantic is deep.

Question 3

Two students took a memory test. Twenty nouns were shown sequentially on a TV monitor. Mallory tried to think of rhymes for each word as it appeared on the monitor. Bailey tried to think of ways each word could be used in a sentence. Based on Craik and Lockhart's levels-of-processing theory, you should predict that
A) Mallory will have better recall of the words because she used semantic encoding.
B) both students should have equivalent recall of the words.
C) Bailey will have better recall of the words because she used semantic encoding.
D) Bailey will have poorer recall of the words because she used structural encoding.

Accepted Answer

According to Craik and Lockhart's levels-of-processing theory, deeper levels of processing lead to better memory retention. Semantic encoding involves processing information for meaning, while structural encoding involves processing information for its physical characteristics. Therefore, Bailey's use of semantic encoding by thinking of ways each word could be used in a sentence is likely to result in better recall compared to Mallory's use of shallow rhymes.

Question 4

Based on Lavie's research into the location of the attention filter, which of the following pairs of terms is matched INCORRECTLY?
A) high-load task - late filter
B) simple task - late filter
C) complicated task - early filter
D) low-load task - late filter

Accepted Answer

The answer of Based on Lavie's research into the location...

Question 5

When processing verbal information, if you focus attention on the sounds of words you are engaging in ____ encoding.
A) verbal
B) phonemic
C) semantic
D) structural

Accepted Answer

Phonemic encoding refers to processing verbal information based on the sounds of words. It involves paying attention to the specific phonemes (the smallest units of sound in language) that make up words rather than their meaning or structure.

Question 6

When individuals are instructed to divide their attention between a memory encoding task and other tasks, their performance on the encoding task generally shows
A) a marked improvement.
B) a small decline.
C) a large decline.
D) no significant change.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When individuals are instructed to divide their...

Question 7

The deepest level of processing of information in memory, emphasizing the meaning of the information being processed, is
A) the triarchic level of encoding.
B) the semantic level of encoding.
C) attentional encoding.
D) dyadic encoding.

Accepted Answer

The deepest level of processing of information in memory is the semantic level of encoding, which focuses on the meaning of the information being processed. This type of encoding involves relating new information to preexisting knowledge and making connections between them. The triarchic level of encoding refers to three different types of encoding: visual, acoustic, and semantic. Attentional encoding refers to the process of selectively attending to certain stimuli in the environment. Dyadic encoding is not a recognized term in the field of memory encoding.

Question 8

The shallowest level of processing of verbal information is ____ encoding.
A) structural
B) semantic
C) verbal
D) phonemic

Accepted Answer

Structural encoding involves only processing the physical features of verbal information, such as its visual appearance or sound, without assigning any meaning to it. It is the shallowest level of processing because it involves minimal mental effort and does not require any higher-order cognitive skills. Semantic encoding, on the other hand, involves processing the meaning of verbal information, which requires deeper and more elaborate cognitive processing. Phonemic encoding involves processing the sound and speech patterns of verbal information, which is still a relatively shallow level of processing but requires more attention than structural encoding. Verbal encoding refers to the overall process of encoding verbal information, which can involve all of these levels of processing depending on the individual's cognitive and linguistic abilities.

Question 9

According to Lavie, the location of the attention filter depends on the "cognitive load" of the current information processing. Selection tends to occur late when individuals
A) are attending to complicated, high-load tasks.
B) are processing new information.
C) expect to be tested on the material.
D) are involved in simple, low-load tasks.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Lavie, the location of the...

Question 10

Taryn was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: "dog, pail, and hate." Later, she recalled these words as: "pup, bucket, and loathe." Taryn's errors in recall suggest that she had encoded the original word list
A) proactively.
B) semantically.
C) phonemically.
D) structurally.

Accepted Answer

Taryn's recall errors suggest that she encoded the original word list by meaning (semantically) rather than by sound (phonemically) or by visual characteristics (structurally). Proactive encoding refers to information that is already stored in memory and helps with the encoding of new information, but this does not apply in this scenario.

Question 11

Sarah is studying for her psychology exam and listening to the television. Studies on divided attention would suggest that
A) she would experience a negative impact on her studying since she would focus more on the TV since auditory cues will be attended to over visual cues.
B) the effect will be neutral.
C) she will experience a negative impact on her memory and not remember much of either the TV show or her studying.
D) she would experience a positive impact on her studying since the TV would serves as noise and would allow her to focus her attention on her textbook.

Accepted Answer

Studies on divided attention suggest that attempting to focus on two tasks at the same time can lead to poorer performance and reduced recall on both tasks. In this case, Sarah's attention is divided between her studying and the television, which could result in a negative impact on her memory and ability to retain information from both sources.

Question 12

According to Lavie, the location of the attention filter depends on the "cognitive load" of the current information processing. Selection tends to occur early when individuals
A) are involved in simple, low-load tasks
B) are attending to complicated, high-load tasks
C) are processing familiar information
D) do not expect to be tested on the material

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Lavie, the location of the...

Question 13

In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
A) morphemic
B) phonemic
C) mnemonic
D) platonic

Accepted Answer

The level of processing that places emphasis on the sounds of words is the phonemic level, which involves the processing of the individual sounds or phonemes in words. The morphemic level involves the processing of the meaningful units or morphemes in words, the mnemonic level involves the use of memory techniques to aid in processing information, and the platonic level is not a recognized level of processing in cognitive psychology.

Question 14

A memory code that emphasizes the meaning of verbal input is called
A) a structural code.
B) a phonemic code.
C) a semantic code.
D) an episodic code.

Accepted Answer

A semantic code emphasizes the meaning of verbal input, making it easier to remember the information. Structural codes focus on visual and spatial aspects of information, phonemic codes involve the sound of words, and episodic codes relate to personal experiences and events.

Question 15

Kiana was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: "dog, pail, and hate." Later, she recalled these words as: "dig, paint, and hard." Kiana's errors in recall suggest that she had encoded the original word list
A) phonemically.
B) semantically.
C) implicitly.
D) structurally.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Kiana was given a list of words...

Question 16

Xavier was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: dog, pail, and hate. Later, he recalled these words as: "log, whale, and late." Xavier's errors in recall suggest that he had encoded the original word list
A) phonemically.
B) structurally.
C) semantically.
D) retroactively.

Accepted Answer

Xavier mistakenly substituted similar-sounding words (log for dog, whale for pail, and late for hate), indicating that he encoded the words phonemically (based on their sound) instead of semantically (based on their meaning).

Question 17

You are observing another student reading in the cafeteria. There are several distracting sounds, but the individual does not look up or otherwise appear to notice any of the disruptions. Based on Lavie's view of the attention filter, you should conclude that the person is reading ____ material because external information is being filtered ____.
A) complicated or complex; early
B) complicated or complex; late
C) simple; early
D) simple; late

Accepted Answer

The answer of You are observing another student reading in...

Question 18

Which level of processing should result in the longest lasting memory codes?
A) structural encoding
B) mnemonic encoding
C) semantic encoding
D) phonemic encoding

Accepted Answer

Semantic encoding involves processing information at a deeper level by relating it to existing knowledge and understanding, which helps to create stronger and more durable memory codes. Structural encoding involves processing information based on its physical features, phonemic encoding involves processing information in terms of sound, and mnemonic encoding involves using memory tricks or strategies, but none of these processes are as effective as semantic encoding for creating long-lasting memories.

Question 19

Which of the following was NOT a level of processing associated with verbal information as suggested by Craik and Lockhart (1972)?
A) semantic
B) structural
C) phonemic
D) functional

Accepted Answer

The levels of processing associated with verbal information as suggested by Craik and Lockhart (1972) were semantic, structural, and phonemic. Functional processing was not included as a level.

Question 20

Based on Lavie's research into the location of the attention filter, which of the following pairs of terms is matched CORRECTLY?
A) high-load task - late filter
B) simple task - early filter
C) low-load - early filter
D) complicated task - early filter

Accepted Answer

The answer of Based on Lavie's research into the location...

Quiz 13: Human Memory Part 1

Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines

Which of the following sequences represents progressively deeper levels of processing?

Based on Lavie's research into the location of the attention filter, which of the following pairs of terms is matched INCORRECTLY?

When processing verbal information, if you focus attention on the sounds of words you are engaging in ____ encoding.

When individuals are instructed to divide their attention between a memory encoding task and other tasks, their performance on the encoding task generally shows

The deepest level of processing of information in memory, emphasizing the meaning of the information being processed, is

The shallowest level of processing of verbal information is ____ encoding.

According to Lavie, the location of the attention filter depends on the "cognitive load" of the current information processing. Selection tends to occur late when individuals

Taryn was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: "dog, pail, and hate." Later, she recalled these words as: "pup, bucket, and loathe." Taryn's errors in recall suggest that she had encoded the original word list

Sarah is studying for her psychology exam and listening to the television. Studies on divided attention would suggest that

According to Lavie, the location of the attention filter depends on the "cognitive load" of the current information processing. Selection tends to occur early when individuals

In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?

A memory code that emphasizes the meaning of verbal input is called

Kiana was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: "dog, pail, and hate." Later, she recalled these words as: "dig, paint, and hard." Kiana's errors in recall suggest that she had encoded the original word list

Xavier was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: dog, pail, and hate. Later, he recalled these words as: "log, whale, and late." Xavier's errors in recall suggest that he had encoded the original word list

Which level of processing should result in the longest lasting memory codes?

Which of the following was NOT a level of processing associated with verbal information as suggested by Craik and Lockhart (1972) ?

Based on Lavie's research into the location of the attention filter, which of the following pairs of terms is matched CORRECTLY?