Question 1

Many passengers on a cruise ship at sea are suffering from flulike symptoms.Which component of the immune system will protect the passengers from becoming sick from the same viral strain the next time they are exposed?

Accepted Answer

Antibodies are produced by B cells in response to exposure to a specific pathogen. These antibodies recognize and bind to the pathogen, signaling the immune system to destroy it. Memory B cells can then quickly produce more antibodies if the same pathogen is encountered again, providing immunity.

Question 2

One V gene,one D gene,and one J gene encode for the _______ region of the _______ chain of a specific antibody.

Accepted Answer

The variable region of the heavy chain of a specific antibody is encoded by one V (variable), one D (diversity), and one J (joining) gene. This combination allows for the high degree of variability necessary for the immune system to recognize a wide array of antigens.

Question 3

Terminal transferase

Accepted Answer

Terminal transferase is an enzyme that adds "nontemplated" nucleotides to the ends of immunoglobulin gene DNAs, which plays a role in the diversity of the antibody repertoire.

Question 4

The mechanisms of joining and random deletion account for only a part of antibody diversity.Vast numbers of unique immunoglobulins are also produced by

Accepted Answer

Mutations, specifically somatic hypermutation, contribute significantly to the diversity of antibodies by introducing variations in the antibody genes of B cells during their development and upon encountering an antigen.

Question 5

Interactions between macrophages and lymphocytes are coordinated by

Accepted Answer

Macrophages and lymphocytes communicate and coordinate their interactions through binding of antigens with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins. This process is necessary for the activation of the immune response.

Question 6

A bacterium in the bloodstream is most likely to encounter an _______ antibody.

Accepted Answer

IgG antibodies are the most abundant type of antibody in the bloodstream and provide long-lasting immunity against infections, including bacterial infections. IgM antibodies are the first antibody produced during an initial infection, but they are not as effective as IgG in providing long-term immunity. IgE antibodies are involved in allergic reactions and not typically produced in response to bacterial infections. IgD antibodies are found on the surface of B cells but do not play a major role in defending against bacterial infections. IgA antibodies are most commonly found in mucosal secretions and provide local immunity rather than in the bloodstream.

Question 7

Antigens can bind to an antibody at _______ site(s);binding occurs at the _______ regions of the antibody.

Accepted Answer

Antigens can bind to an antibody at two sites, as antibodies are Y-shaped molecules with two identical antigen-binding sites at the tips of the Y. These binding sites are located in the variable regions of the antibody, which are specific to the antigen they bind to.

Question 8

If you were vaccinated against measles as a child,you still have immunity to the disease decades later because

Accepted Answer

Memory B cells can persist in the body for several decades, allowing for long-term immunity to measles even if you were vaccinated as a child. Plasma cells and effector T cells may also play a role in immunity, but they do not provide long-term protection like memory B cells do. Cytotoxic T cells are important in fighting viral infections, but they do not provide long-term immunity to measles.

Question 9

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to the diagram below showing a receptor on a cell. 
-What type of cell is shown in the diagram?

Accepted Answer

The diagram shows a T lymphocyte receptor, specifically a T cell receptor (TCR). B lymphocytes have B cell receptors (BCRs), plasma cells do not have receptors as they are mature B cells that have secreted their BCRs as antibodies, mast cells have Fc receptors for IgE antibodies, and macrophages have various receptors including toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Fc receptors.

Question 10

Which class of antibodies is most likely to trigger a large release of histamines and subsequent inflammation?

Accepted Answer

IgE antibodies are typically involved in allergic reactions and trigger the release of histamines and other inflammatory mediators from mast cells and basophils, leading to symptoms such as itching, redness, swelling, and bronchospasm.

Question 11

Which statement about MHC I proteins is true?

Accepted Answer

MHC I proteins are found on the surface of most mammalian cells and present antigens to CD8+ T cells, which then target and destroy cells that are infected or cancerous. MHC I proteins do not protect a developing fetus from its mother's immune system, activate B cells, or function as antibodies.

Question 12

Which is not a mechanism that generates antibody diversity in the human immune response?

Accepted Answer

Insertion of RNA sequences into the DNA coding for antibody production is not a mechanism that generates antibody diversity in the human immune response. The other choices, including imprecise recombination of V, D, and J regions, random placement of extra nucleotides, spontaneous mutations in immunoglobulin genes, and DNA recombination events during B cell development, are all mechanisms that contribute to antibody diversity.

Question 13

Which symptom or observation would support the hypothesis that a person is undergoing an adaptive immune response after exposure to a pathogen?

Accepted Answer

Lysis of infected cells by T cells indicates that a person is undergoing an adaptive immune response, specifically cell-mediated immunity where T cells destroy infected cells. This is a specific defense mechanism that requires recognition of the pathogen by the immune system and the activation of T cells to target and kill the infected cells. Choices A, B, and C are more general defense mechanisms that can also occur in response to non-specific or innate immune responses. Choice E could also occur in both innate and adaptive immune responses as phagocytosis is a general mechanism of the immune system.

Question 14

The _______ region of an antibody determines its class;the _______ region determines its specificity.

Accepted Answer

The constant region of an antibody determines its class, while the variable region determines its specificity.

Question 15

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to the diagram below showing a receptor on a cell. 
-Which of the following binds to the region of the receptor indicated by the arrow?

Accepted Answer

The region indicated by the arrow on the receptor is where the antigen-MHC complex binds. Therefore, the best choice is C, the antigen-MHC complex.

Question 16

Which statement about T cells is true?

Accepted Answer

The T cell receptor is a protein on the surface of T cells that recognizes antigens in the context of major histocompatibility complex molecules. It is composed of two chains, alpha and beta or gamma and delta, that each contain a variable region and a constant region.

Question 17

B cells mature in

Accepted Answer

B cells mature in the bone marrow.

Question 18

Soluble antibodies have all of the following roles except

Accepted Answer

The answer of Soluble antibodies have all of the following...

Question 19

The simplest immunoglobulins have _______ polypeptide chain(s).

Accepted Answer

The simplest immunoglobulins, such as IgG, consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains.

Question 20

The most abundant antibody class circulating in the human body is

Accepted Answer

IgG is the most abundant antibody class in the human body, accounting for approximately 75% of all antibodies present in the blood. It is involved in long-term immune protection and is able to cross the placenta, providing passive immunity to the fetus.

Quiz 39: Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Many passengers on a cruise ship at sea are suffering from flulike symptoms.Which component of the immune system will protect the passengers from becoming sick from the same viral strain the next time they are exposed?

One V gene,one D gene,and one J gene encode for the _ region of the _ chain of a specific antibody.

Terminal transferase

The mechanisms of joining and random deletion account for only a part of antibody diversity.Vast numbers of unique immunoglobulins are also produced by

Interactions between macrophages and lymphocytes are coordinated by

A bacterium in the bloodstream is most likely to encounter an _______ antibody.

Antigens can bind to an antibody at _ site(s) ;binding occurs at the _ regions of the antibody.

If you were vaccinated against measles as a child,you still have immunity to the disease decades later because

Use the following to answer questions : Refer to the diagram below showing a receptor on a cell. -What type of cell is shown in the diagram?

Which class of antibodies is most likely to trigger a large release of histamines and subsequent inflammation?

Which statement about MHC I proteins is true?

Which is not a mechanism that generates antibody diversity in the human immune response?

Which symptom or observation would support the hypothesis that a person is undergoing an adaptive immune response after exposure to a pathogen?

The _ region of an antibody determines its class;the _ region determines its specificity.

Use the following to answer questions : Refer to the diagram below showing a receptor on a cell. -Which of the following binds to the region of the receptor indicated by the arrow?

Which statement about T cells is true?

B cells mature in

Soluble antibodies have all of the following roles except

The simplest immunoglobulins have _______ polypeptide chain(s) .

The most abundant antibody class circulating in the human body is

Quiz 39: Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Many passengers on a cruise ship at sea are suffering from flulike symptoms.Which component of the immune system will protect the passengers from becoming sick from the same viral strain the next time they are exposed?

One V gene,one D gene,and one J gene encode for the _______ region of the _______ chain of a specific antibody.

Terminal transferase

The mechanisms of joining and random deletion account for only a part of antibody diversity.Vast numbers of unique immunoglobulins are also produced by

Interactions between macrophages and lymphocytes are coordinated by

A bacterium in the bloodstream is most likely to encounter an _______ antibody.

Antigens can bind to an antibody at _______ site(s) ;binding occurs at the _______ regions of the antibody.

If you were vaccinated against measles as a child,you still have immunity to the disease decades later because

Use the following to answer questions : Refer to the diagram below showing a receptor on a cell. -What type of cell is shown in the diagram?

Which class of antibodies is most likely to trigger a large release of histamines and subsequent inflammation?

Which statement about MHC I proteins is true?

Which is not a mechanism that generates antibody diversity in the human immune response?

Which symptom or observation would support the hypothesis that a person is undergoing an adaptive immune response after exposure to a pathogen?

The _______ region of an antibody determines its class;the _______ region determines its specificity.

Use the following to answer questions : Refer to the diagram below showing a receptor on a cell. -Which of the following binds to the region of the receptor indicated by the arrow?

Which statement about T cells is true?

B cells mature in

Soluble antibodies have all of the following roles except

The simplest immunoglobulins have _______ polypeptide chain(s) .

The most abundant antibody class circulating in the human body is

One V gene,one D gene,and one J gene encode for the _ region of the _ chain of a specific antibody.

Antigens can bind to an antibody at _ site(s) ;binding occurs at the _ regions of the antibody.

The _ region of an antibody determines its class;the _ region determines its specificity.