If the manufacturing subsystem in a business firm has shorter-term action horizon than the research and development group,thus making it difficult for the two units to work together,they are experiencing differences in time orientation.

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Differences in time orientation refer to differences in the timeframe that different units or individuals use to plan and execute their actions. In this case, the manufacturing subsystem has a shorter-term action horizon, meaning that it focuses on short-term goals and planning, while the research and development group has a longer-term focus. This difference in time orientation can create challenges for collaboration and coordination between the two units.

If the Manufacturing Subsystem in a Business Firm Has Shorter-Term