Chi-square tests of independence are always lower-tailed because a perfect fit between and makes the test statistic equal to 0.

Question

Chi-square tests of independence are always lower-tailed because a perfect fit between  and  makes the test statistic  equal to 0.

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Chi-square tests of independence can be either lower-tailed or upper-tailed, depending on the specific research question and null hypothesis being tested. A perfect fit between variables does not necessarily make the test statistic equal to 0, as the chi-square statistic is calculated by comparing the observed frequencies to the expected frequencies under the null hypothesis.

Chi-Square Tests of Independence Are Always Lower-Tailed Because a Perfect