A two-tailed t-test is appropriate when the researcher has a directional hypothesis implying that an observed mean can only be greater than or less than a hypothesized value.

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A two-tailed t-test is appropriate when the researcher does not have a directional hypothesis and wants to test whether the observed mean is significantly different from the hypothesized value, regardless of the direction. If the hypothesis is directional, a one-tailed t-test should be used instead.

A Two-Tailed T-Test Is Appropriate When the Researcher Has a Directional