Which of the following issues makes inferences of causation more risky in quasi-experimental designs?
A) lack of treatment manipulations
B) nonrandom assignment to treatment conditions
C) unreliable outcome measurements
D) the use of both human as well as nonhuman sampling units

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Nonrandom assignment to treatment conditions is a major issue in quasi-experimental designs as it increases the risk of self-selection bias and other confounding variables. This makes it difficult to establish causality between the treatment and outcome variables. Lack of treatment manipulations, unreliable outcome measurements, and the use of both human and nonhuman sampling units can also impact the validity of the study, but they do not pose as great a risk as nonrandom assignment.

Which of the Following Issues Makes Inferences of Causation More