Hanna is conducting a problem-solving study that relates learners' motivation to number of challenging problems attempted. She defines motivation as self-efficacy. She uses a self-report instrument to measure self-efficacy.
-Paul is a participant in Hanna's study. His score on the self-efficacy measure is considered
A) a variable.
B) a construct.
C) data.
D) knowledge.

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Paul's score on the self-efficacy measure is considered data because it represents a measurable, quantifiable outcome of the study. While self-efficacy is a construct (B), Paul's score is a specific instance or manifestation of that construct in the form of data. It is not a variable (A) because it does not vary across participants or conditions. It is also not knowledge (D) because it does not reflect subjective or experiential understanding, but rather a measurable response to a specific question or task.

Hanna Is Conducting a Problem-Solving Study That Relates Learners' Motivation