Tolman's views on learning differed from those of Skinner in that Tolman believed:
A)reinforcement is dependent on the formation of stimulus-stimulus associations.
B)a reinforcer directly strengthens the response that produces it.
C)the environmental context can influence whether or not a behavior will occur.
D)organisms develop means-ends expectancies as a result of operant conditioning.

Question

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Tolman believed that organisms develop means-ends expectancies as a result of operant conditioning, which implies that reinforcement involves more than simple stimulus-response connections. This is different from Skinner's view that reinforcement directly strengthens the response that produces it. Tolman also emphasized the role of cognitive processes and the importance of the environmental context in determining behavior, which is not reflected in choices A and B.

Tolman's Views on Learning Differed from Those of Skinner in That