Amino Acid Synthesis Is Possible by All Except One of the Pathways

Amino acid synthesis is possible by all except one of the pathways listed. Which is not a synthetic pathway for amino acids?

A) Amination of malonic ester followed by hydrolysis and decarboxylation.
B) Nucleophilic addition of NH₃ to an aldehyde followed by addition of cyanide to the imine, and, finally, hydrolysis.
C) S_N2 reaction using an $\alpha$ -halo carboxylic acid with ammonia as the nucleophile.
D) Reaction of NH₄Cl and NaCN with an aldehyde followed by an acidic work-up.