To restore a database using the immediate update approach,both undo and redo operations may be necessary,whereas with the deferred update approach only redo operations are used.

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In the immediate update approach, both undo and redo operations may be necessary to restore a database to its previous state. This is because updates are applied immediately and the undo operation is needed to reverse any changes that have been made. On the other hand, in the deferred update approach, updates are not applied immediately and only redo operations may be needed to restore the database to its previous state.

To Restore a Database Using the Immediate Update Approach,both Undo