The Hyperglycemia Observed in a Diabetic Causes Many Toxic Effects

The hyperglycemia observed in a diabetic causes many toxic effects such as retinopathy and nephropathy.Although it is unclear how these outcomes are caused by elevated blood sugar,it is thought that hyperglycemia:

A) causes increased serum osmolarity,which leads to decreased blood flow in the microvascular compartments in peripheral tissues.
B) causes increased production of advanced glycation end products,which might contribute to microvascular complications.
C) induces secretion of glucagon,which antagonizes insulin secretion and leads to destruction of the microvessels in the retina and kidney.
D) causes a hemolytic disease with shortened red blood cell survival,thus not providing enough oxygen to peripheral tissues.