A repeated-measures study and an independent-measures study both produce t statistics with df = 20.The independent-measures study used more participants.

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In a repeated-measures study, each participant is measured under all conditions, so the degrees of freedom (df) are based on the number of participants minus one (N-1). In an independent-measures study, the df are calculated based on the total number of participants across all groups minus the number of groups (N - k), where k is the number of groups. Therefore, for both types of studies to have the same df, the independent-measures study must have used more participants to account for the additional subtraction of the number of groups in its df calculation.

A Repeated-Measures Study and an Independent-Measures Study Both Produce T