If the effects of two variables cannot be separated from each other, the variables are said to be confounded.

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Confounding occurs when the effects of two variables on an outcome cannot be distinguished from each other. This can happen when the variables are correlated, or when they are both influenced by a third variable. Confounding can lead to biased or misleading results if not properly accounted for in a study's design or analysis.

If the Effects of Two Variables Cannot Be Separated from Each