Predators can influence prey only through lethal, rather than nonlethal, effects.

Question

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Predators can exert both lethal and nonlethal effects on their prey. Nonlethal effects may include changes in behavior, physiology, or morphology, which can ultimately affect the prey's fitness and population dynamics. For example, the presence of a top predator may cause its prey to alter their foraging behavior, resulting in changes in plant community structure and ecosystem functioning.

Predators Can Influence Prey Only Through Lethal, Rather Than Nonlethal