Which one of the following research questions is more likely to be ex post facto?
A) What is the effect of drug use on the achievement of high school students?
B) What is the effect of tangible reinforcement on learning to write by elementary school students?
C) What is the relationship between achievement motivation and self-concept?
D) None of the above.

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Ex post facto research is conducted after the fact, meaning that the independent variable has already occurred and cannot be manipulated by the researcher. In option A, the drug use has already occurred and cannot be manipulated by the researcher, making it more likely to be ex post facto research. Options B and C propose research where the independent variable can be manipulated, making them less likely to be ex post facto research. Option D is not a valid answer, as one of the options provided is more likely to be ex post facto research.

Which One of the Following Research Questions Is More Likely