In higher-order conditioning, there are at least two formerly neutral stimuli involved.

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Higher-order conditioning is a type of classical conditioning where a neutral stimulus (CS2) becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) through association with a previously established conditioned stimulus (CS1). In this process, CS1 is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) to elicit a conditioned response (CR), and then CS2 is paired with CS1 to also elicit a CR. Therefore, there are at least two formerly neutral stimuli involved in higher-order conditioning.

In Higher-Order Conditioning, There Are at Least Two Formerly Neutral