As views of substance dependence have changed based on scientific research,the real driving force behind repeated excessive drug use is now believed to be
A)psychological dependence,based on reinforcement.
B)physical dependence,caused by tolerance.
C)an allergic reaction to the substance.
D)unmet psychological needs in early childhood.

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Psychological dependence, based on reinforcement, is now believed to be the driving force behind repeated excessive drug use, as individuals may continue to seek out the pleasurable or rewarding effects of a substance despite negative consequences.

B, C, and D are not supported by current scientific understanding of substance dependence. Physical dependence may contribute to addiction, but is not typically the sole reason for continued drug use. Allergic reactions to substances are not typically associated with addiction. While childhood experiences may contribute to addiction risk, unmet psychological needs alone are not sufficient to explain addiction.

As Views of Substance Dependence Have Changed Based on Scientific