Which of the Following Was Illustrated by William Chambliss' Study

Which of the following was illustrated by William Chambliss' study of the Saints and the Roughnecks?

A) perceptions of the actor influence responses to the act.
B) the activity, and not the actor, is what provokes a sanctioning response.
C) athletic high school-aged males tend to be troublemakers.
D) neither the act nor the actor are as significant to the outcome as the rule structure governing sanctions.