The Levels of Processing Model Has Been Criticized for All

The levels of processing model has been criticized for all of the following reasons EXCEPT the

A) distinction between shallow and deep processing has never been clearly defined.
B) idea that shallow processing does not always imply a poor memory.
C) researchers cannot control the depth to which their subjects process information.
D) model does not encourage further research into the nature of long-term memory.
E) all of the above are criticisms of the levels of processing model.