What Was the Status of Affirmative Action in College Admissions

What was the status of affirmative action in college admissions after the Supreme Court decisions in Bakke v. University of California Board of Regents (1978) and Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) ?

A) Affirmative action policies that consider race a plus factor (among other things) are permissible, as the advancement of diversity is a compelling government interest.
B) Affirmative action policies are assumed to be unconstitutional unless the university can demonstrate the need to promote racial tolerance.
C) Affirmative action policies must ensure that all racial and ethnic groups are represented in accordance with the population of the nation as a whole.
D) All forms of affirmative action are unconstitutional because they unfairly favor some people over others based on the color of their skin.