A researcher computes a two-independent-sample t test and finds that the result is undefined (the denominator is equal to 0).This always happens when two groups do not differ (i.e.,the mean difference is equal to 0).

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The result of a two-independent-sample t test can also be undefined when the standard deviation of one of the groups is equal to 0 or when one of the groups has only one observation. It is not always the case that the mean difference is equal to 0.

A Researcher Computes a Two-Independent-Sample T Test and Finds That