Whose portrait of Madame Pierre Gautreau, entitled "Madame X," scandalized the art world for the subject's provocative pose and attire in the painting?

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John Singer Sargent's "Madame X," painted in Paris in 1884, was a portrait of a married American expatriate standing to the side of a table in a black evening gown with very narrow, jeweled straps. The cut of the dress was exceptionally revealing for the time, and the painting caused a sensation and nearly destroyed Sargent's career when it went on display in Paris.

Whose Portrait of Madame Pierre Gautreau, Entitled "Madame X," Scandalized