The second expression of the categorical imperative tells us that lying is unethical because lies use others as a means to achieve the liar's goal.

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The second expression of the categorical imperative states that we should always treat humanity, whether in ourselves or others, as an end in itself and not merely as a means to an end. Therefore, lying would be unethical because it uses others as a means to achieve the liar's goal, rather than treating them as ends in themselves.

The Second Expression of the Categorical Imperative Tells Us That